Heparin and heparan sulfate represent key members of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates and underpin considerable repertoires of biological importance. As such, their efficiency of synthesis represents a key requirement, to further understand and exploit the H/HS structure-to-biological function axis. In this review we focus on chemical approaches to and methodology improvements for the synthesis of these essential sugars (from 2015 onwards). We first consider advances in accessing the heparin-derived pentasaccharide anticoagulant fondaparinux. This is followed by heparan sulfate targets, including key building block synthesis, oligosaccharide construction and chemical sulfation techniques. We end with a consideration of technological improvements to traditional, solution-phase synthesis approaches that are increasingly being utilised.

中文翻译：

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肝素和硫酸乙酰肝素化学合成的进展

肝素和硫酸乙酰肝素代表碳水化合物的糖胺聚糖家族的关键成员，并支持相当多的生物学重要性。因此，它们的合成效率代表了进一步理解和利用 H/HS 结构到生物功能轴的关键要求。在这篇综述中，我们关注合成这些必需糖的化学方法和方法学改进（从 2015 年开始）。我们首先考虑获得肝素衍生的五糖抗凝剂磺达肝素的进展。其次是硫酸乙酰肝素目标，包括关键构件合成、寡糖构建和化学硫酸化技术。最后，我们考虑了对越来越多地使用的传统溶液相合成方法的技术改进。