Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-14 , DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01089-5 Balram Ambade 1 , Amit Kumar 1 , Ashwini Kumar 2 , Lokesh K Sahu 3
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Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of significant interest owing to their high potential health effects, including mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. We report 16 PAHs measured in ambient PM2.5 from June 2018 to May 2019 over three different sites located in central east India. The annual average PM2.5 mass concentrations of 97.3 ± 18.1 µg m−3, 101.9 ± 19.4 µg m−3, and 93.9 ± 20.3 µg m−3 were measured at RCI (Ranchi), GHY (Gamharia), and BKR (Bokaro), respectively. The mass concentrations at all sampling sites are relatively higher than the annual average concentration of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. Total annual PAH concentrations (ng m−3) are found to be comparable at BKR (797.9 ± 39.1 ng m−3) and RCI (887.7 ± 38.8 ng m−3); however, a relatively higher average is observed over GHY (1015.1 ± 42.7 ng m−3). Using PAH diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis (PCA), their major sources were attributed to coal and wood combustion as well as vehicular emission of diesel and gasoline at all sampling sites. Significant seasonal variability is observed for PAH composition and mainly attributed to change in emission sources. Summer and winter compositions were found to be impacted by the transport from Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). However, ambient level PAHs during the post-monsoon season were impacted by mixed sources from Indo-Gangetic Plain and eastern India. These observations are supported by the analysis of back-trajectory and fire count data. The excess life time cancer risk (ELCR) values estimated for the study sites are within acceptable limits suggesting acceptable risk levels at BKR, GHY, and RCI. This study highlights the significance of ambient aerosol concentration for health risks in the pre-COVID-19 scenario.
Graphical Abstract
中文翻译：
印度中东部大气颗粒结合多环芳烃 (PAH) 的时间变化：来源和致癌风险评估
大气多环芳烃 (PAHs) 因其潜在的健康影响（包括致突变性和致癌性）而备受关注。我们报告了 2018 年 6 月至 2019 年 5 月在印度中东部的三个不同地点在环境 PM 2.5中测量的 16 种 PAH 。在 RCI (Ranchi)、GHY (Gamharia) 和 BKR (Bokaro) 测得的年平均 PM 2.5质量浓度分别为 97.3 ± 18.1 µg m -3、101.9 ± 19.4 µg m -3和 93.9 ± 20.3 µg m -3， 分别。所有采样点的质量浓度均相对高于国家环境空气质量标准的年平均浓度。年 PAH 总浓度 (ng m -3) 在 BKR (797.9 ± 39.1 ng m -3 ) 和 RCI (887.7 ± 38.8 ng m -3 ) 下具有可比性；然而，在 GHY (1015.1 ± 42.7 ng m -3）。使用 PAH 诊断比率和主成分分析 (PCA)，它们的主要来源归因于煤和木材的燃烧以及所有采样点的柴油和汽油的车辆排放。观察到 PAH 成分的显着季节性变化，主要归因于排放源的变化。发现夏季和冬季成分受到印度恒河平原 (IGP) 运输的影响。然而，季风后季节的环境水平 PAHs 受到来自印度恒河平原和印度东部的混合来源的影响。这些观察得到了对回溯轨迹和火灾计数数据的分析的支持。为研究地点估计的超额寿命癌症风险 (ELCR) 值在可接受的范围内，表明 BKR、GHY 和 RCI 的风险水平是可接受的。
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