Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) is the most widely used herbicide worldwide and has long been considered to have significantly low toxicity to non-target soil invertebrates based on short-term toxicity tests (<56 d). However, long-term GBH toxicity assessment is necessary as GBH is repeatedly applied in the same field annually because of the advent of glyphosate-resistant crops. In this study, a multigeneration test was conducted where Allonychiurus kimi (Collembola) was exposed to GBH for three generations (referred to as F₀, F₁, and F₂) to evaluate the long-term toxic effect. The endpoints used were adult survival and juvenile production for the individual level toxicity assessment. Phospholipid profile and population age structure were the endpoints used for sub-individual and population levels, respectively. GBH was observed to have no negative effects on adult survivals of all generations, but juvenile production was found to decrease in a concentration-dependent manner, with EC₅₀s being estimated as 572.5, 274.8, and 59.8 mg a.i. kg⁻¹ in the F₀, F₁, and F₂ generations, respectively. The age structure of A. kimi population produced in the test of all generations was altered by GBH exposure, mainly because of the decrease in the number of young juveniles. Further, differences between the phospholipid profiles of the control and GBH treatments became apparent over generations, with PA 16:0, PA 12:0, and PS 42:0 lipids not being detected at the highest concentration of 741 mg kg⁻¹ in F₂. Considering all our findings from sub-individual to population levels, repeated and long-term use of GBH could have significantly higher negative impacts on non-target soil organisms than expected.

草甘膦除草剂 (GBH) 是全球使用最广泛的除草剂，根据短期毒性测试，长期以来一直被认为对非目标土壤无脊椎动物（<56 id=57>Allonychiurus kimi (弹尾虫) 具有显着低的毒性）暴露于GBH三代（称为F ₀ 、F ₁和F ₂ ）以评估长期毒性效应，使用的终点是个体水平毒性评估的成体存活率和幼体产量。结构分别是用于亚个体和群体水平的终点，观察到 GBH 对所有世代的成年存活率没有负面影响，但发现幼体产量以浓度依赖性方式下降，估计了 EC ₅₀ s。 F ₀ 、F ₁和F ₂代中分别为572.5、274.8和59.8 mg ai kg ^-1所有世代的测试中产生的A . kimi种群的年龄结构因GBH暴露而改变。青少年数量的减少。此外，对照和 GBH 处理的磷脂谱之间的差异在几代人中变得明显，在 F 中最高浓度 741 mg kg ^-1时未检测到 PA 16:0、PA 12:0 和 PS 42:0 脂质。 ₂ .考虑到我们从亚个体到群体水平的所有发现，重复和长期使用 GBH 可能对非目标土壤生物产生比预期更高的负面影响。