Lead-acid batteries are potential candidates for large-scale energy storage because of their low cost, high safety, and high recyclability. However, lead-acid batteries fail prematurely under partial-state-of-charge conditions due to the severe sulfation of negative electrodes. Carbon-enhanced lead-carbon electrodes inhibit sulfation by boosting Pb deposition and PbSO₄ dissolution processes. Nevertheless, the carbon additives show different affinities to lead. Carbon additives with low affinity to lead result in inhomogeneous Pb deposition and a high rate of hydrogen evolution, which decreases the cycling stability of lead-carbon batteries. In this work, we improved the affinity of carbon to lead by introducing oxygen-functionalized defects onto a rice husk-derived hierarchical porous carbon (RHHPC). Compared with the original RHHPC, the oxidized RHHPC (ORC) boosts the redox reversibility for Pb deposition and dissolution by offering extra oxygen-functionalized defects, which enables the high cycling stability of the ORC lead-carbon battery. This work opens an avenue to enhance the redox reversibility and the cycling stability of lead-carbon batteries through defect engineering of carbon additives.

铅酸电池因其低成本、高安全性和高可回收性而成为大规模储能的潜在候选者。然而，由于负极严重硫酸化，铅酸电池在部分充电状态下会过早失效。碳增强铅碳电极通过促进 Pb 沉积和 PbSO ₄抑制硫酸化溶解过程。然而，碳添加剂对铅表现出不同的亲和力。对铅具有低亲和力的碳添加剂会导致铅沉积不均匀和析氢率高，从而降低铅碳电池的循环稳定性。在这项工作中，我们通过将氧功能化缺陷引入稻壳衍生的分级多孔碳（RHHPC）上来提高碳对铅的亲和力。与原始的 RHHPC 相比，氧化的 RHHPC（ORC）通过提供额外的氧功能化缺陷来提高 Pb 沉积和溶解的氧化还原可逆性，从而使 ORC 铅碳电池具有高循环稳定性。这项工作为通过碳添加剂的缺陷工程提高铅碳电池的氧化还原可逆性和循环稳定性开辟了一条途径。