Improving the efficacy and spatial targeting of radiation therapy while sparing surrounding normal tissues has been a guiding principle for its use in cancer therapy. Nanotechnologies have shown considerable growth in terms of innovation and the development of new therapeutic approaches, particularly as radiosensitizers. The aim of this study was to systematically review how nanoparticles (NPs) are used to enhance the radiotherapeutic effect, including preclinical and clinical studies. Clinicaltrials.gov was used to perform the search using the following terms: radiation, cancer, and NPs. In this review, we describe the various designs of nano-radioenhancers, the rationale for using such technology, as well as their chemical and biological effects. Human trials are then discussed with an emphasis on their design and detailed clinical outcomes.

中文翻译：

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癌症治疗中的辐射纳米增敏剂——从临床前发现到早期临床试验的结果

在不影响周围正常组织的同时提高放射治疗的疗效和空间靶向性一直是其在癌症治疗中使用的指导原则。纳米技术在创新和新治疗方法的开发方面显示出相当大的增长，特别是作为放射增敏剂。本研究的目的是系统地回顾纳米粒子 (NPs) 如何用于增强放射治疗效果，包括临床前和临床研究。Clinicaltrials.gov 用于使用以下术语进行搜索：辐射、癌症和 NP。在这篇综述中，我们描述了纳米辐射增强剂的各种设计、使用这种技术的基本原理，以及它们的化学和生物效应。然后讨论人体试验，重点是它们的设计和详细的临床结果。