The idea of central nervous system as one-man band favoring neurons is long gone. Now we all are aware that neurons and neuroglia are team players and constant communication between those various cell types is essential to maintain functional efficiency and a quick response to danger. Here, we summarize and discuss known and new markers of astroglial multiple functions, their natural heterogeneity, cellular interactions, aging and disease-induced dysfunctions. This review is focused on newly reported facts regarding astrocytes, which are beyond the old stereotypes. We present an up-to-date list of marker proteins used to identify a broad spectrum of astroglial phenotypes related to the various physiological and pathological nervous system conditions. The aim of this review is to help choose markers that are well-tailored for specific needs of further experimental studies, precisely recognizing differential glial phenotypes, or for diagnostic purposes. We hope it will help to categorize the functional and structural diversity of the astroglial population and ease a clear readout of future experimental results.

中文翻译：

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超越大脑中的 GFAP-星形胶质细胞蛋白标志物

将中枢神经系统视为有利于神经元的单人乐队的想法早已不复存在。现在我们都知道神经元和神经胶质细胞是团队成员，这些不同细胞类型之间的持续交流对于维持功能效率和对危险的快速反应至关重要。在这里，我们总结和讨论星形胶质细胞多种功能的已知和新标志物、它们的自然异质性、细胞相互作用、衰老和疾病诱导的功能障碍。这篇综述的重点是关于星形胶质细胞的新报道事实，这些事实已经超出了旧的刻板印象。我们提供了一个最新的标记蛋白列表，用于识别与各种生理和病理神经系统状况相关的广谱星形胶质细胞表型。本综述的目的是帮助选择针对进一步实验研究的特定需求量身定制的标记，精确识别不同的神经胶质表型或用于诊断目的。我们希望它将有助于对星形胶质细胞群的功能和结构多样性进行分类，并简化对未来实验结果的清晰读出。