Smoking is one of the most important preventable factors causing peripheral artery disease (PAD). The purpose of this review is to comprehensively analyze and summarize the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of smoking in PAD based on existing clinical, in vivo, and in vitro studies. Extensive searches and literature reviews have shown that a large amount of data exists on the pathological process underlying the effects of cigarette smoke and its components on PAD through various mechanisms. Cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) induce endothelial cell dysfunction, smooth muscle cell remodeling and macrophage phenotypic transformation through multiple molecular mechanisms. These pathological changes are the molecular basis for the occurrence and development of peripheral vascular diseases. With few discussions on the topic, we will summarize recent insights into the effect of smoking on regulating PAD through multiple pathways and its possible pathogenic mechanism.

中文翻译：

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吸烟与外周动脉疾病的病理生理学。

吸烟是导致外周动脉疾病 (PAD) 的最重要的可预防因素之一。本综述的目的是在现有临床、体内和体外研究的基础上，综合分析和总结PAD中吸烟的发病机制和临床特征。广泛的搜索和文献综述表明，存在大量关于香烟烟雾及其成分通过各种机制对 PAD 影响的病理过程的数据。香烟烟雾提取物 (CSE) 通过多种分子机制诱导内皮细胞功能障碍、平滑肌细胞重塑和巨噬细胞表型转化。这些病理变化是周围血管疾病发生发展的分子基础。关于这个话题的讨论很少，