Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a painless, non-invasive, and established brain stimulation technique to investigate human brain function. Over the last three decades, TMS has shed insight into the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders. Tremor is an involuntary, rhythmic oscillatory movement disorder commonly related to pathological oscillations propagated via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. Although tremor is the most common movement disorder and recent imaging studies have enhanced our understanding of the critical pathogenic networks, the underlying pathophysiology of different tremor syndromes is complex and still not fully understood. TMS has been used as a tool to further our understanding of tremor pathophysiology. In addition, repetitive TMS (rTMS) that can modulate brain functions through plasticity effects has been targeted to the tremor network to gain potential therapeutic benefits. However, evidence is available for only a few studies that included small patient samples with limited clinical follow-up. This review aims to discuss the role of TMS in advancing the pathophysiological understanding as well as emerging applications of rTMS for treating individual tremor syndromes. The review will focus on essential tremor, Parkinson's disease tremor, dystonic tremor syndrome, orthostatic tremor, and functional tremor.

中文翻译：

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震颤综合征中的经颅磁刺激：病理生理学见解和治疗作用。

经颅磁刺激 (TMS) 是一种无痛、无创、成熟的脑刺激技术，用于研究人脑功能。在过去的三年中，TMS 已经深入了解了许多神经系统疾病的病理生理学。震颤是一种无意识的、有节奏的振荡运动障碍，通常与通过小脑-丘脑-皮质通路传播的病理性振荡有关。尽管震颤是最常见的运动障碍，最近的影像学研究增强了我们对关键致病网络的理解，但不同震颤综合征的潜在病理生理学很复杂，仍未完全了解。TMS 已被用作进一步了解震颤病理生理学的工具。此外，可以通过可塑性效应调节大脑功能的重复性 TMS (rTMS) 已针对震颤网络以获得潜在的治疗益处。然而，只有少数研究提供了证据，这些研究包括临床随访有限的小患者样本。本综述旨在讨论 TMS 在促进病理生理学理解以及 rTMS 在治疗个体震颤综合征方面的新兴应用方面的作用。本综述将重点关注特发性震颤、帕金森病震颤、肌张力障碍性震颤综合征、直立性震颤和功能性震颤。本综述旨在讨论 TMS 在促进病理生理学理解以及 rTMS 在治疗个体震颤综合征方面的新兴应用方面的作用。本综述将重点关注特发性震颤、帕金森氏病震颤、肌张力障碍性震颤综合征、直立性震颤和功能性震颤。本综述旨在讨论 TMS 在促进病理生理学理解以及 rTMS 在治疗个体震颤综合征方面的新兴应用方面的作用。本综述将重点关注特发性震颤、帕金森氏病震颤、肌张力障碍性震颤综合征、直立性震颤和功能性震颤。