Dietary restriction with adequate nutrition is the gold standard for delaying ageing and extending healthspan and lifespan in diverse species, including rodents and non-human primates. In this Review, we discuss the effects of dietary restriction in these mammalian model organisms and discuss accumulating data that suggest that dietary restriction results in many of the same physiological, metabolic and molecular changes responsible for the prevention of multiple ageing-associated diseases in humans. We further discuss how different forms of fasting, protein restriction and specific reductions in the levels of essential amino acids such as methionine and the branched-chain amino acids selectively impact the activity of AKT, FOXO, mTOR, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which are key components of some of the most important nutrient-sensing geroprotective signalling pathways that promote healthy longevity.

在包括啮齿动物和非人类灵长类动物在内的多种物种中，饮食限制和充足的营养是延缓衰老、延长健康寿命和寿命的黄金标准。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了饮食限制对这些哺乳动物模型生物体的影响，并讨论了积累的数据，这些数据表明饮食限制会导致许多与预防人类多种衰老相关疾病相同的生理、代谢和分子变化。我们进一步讨论不同形式的禁食、蛋白质限制和必需氨基酸（例如蛋氨酸和支链氨基酸）水平的特定降低如何选择性影响 AKT、FOXO、mTOR、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸 (NAD ⁺ )、 AMP 激活蛋白激酶 (AMPK) 和成纤维细胞生长因子 21 (FGF21)，它们是一些促进健康长寿的最重要的营养感应衰老保护信号通路的关键组成部分。