The translational success of liposomes in chemotherapeutics has already demonstrated the great potential of biomembrane-based nanostructure in effective drug delivery. Meanwhile, increasing efforts are being dedicated to the application of naturally derived lipid membranes, including cellular membranes and extracellular vesicles in anti-cancer therapies. While synthetic liposomes support superior multifunctional flexibility, natural biomembrane materials possess interesting biomimetic properties and can also be further engineered for intelligent design. Despite being remarkably different from each other in production and composition, the phospholipid bilayer structure in common allows liposomes, cell membrane-derived nanomaterials, and extracellular vesicles to be modified, functionalized, and exploited in many similar manners against challenges posed by tumor-targeted drug delivery. This review will summarize the recent advancements in engineering the membrane-derived nanostructures with “intelligent” modules to respond, regulate, and target tumor cells and the microenvironment to fight against malignancy. We will also discuss perspectives of combining engineered functionalities with naturally occurring activity for enhanced cancer therapy.

脂质体在化学治疗中的转化成功已经证明了基于生物膜的纳米结构在有效药物递送中的巨大潜力。同时，越来越多的努力致力于天然衍生的脂质膜，包括细胞膜和细胞外囊泡在抗癌治疗中的应用。虽然合成脂质体支持卓越的多功能灵活性，但天然生物膜材料具有有趣的仿生特性，还可以进一步设计用于智能设计。尽管在生产和组成上彼此显着不同，但共同的磷脂双层结构允许脂质体、细胞膜衍生纳米材料和细胞外囊泡被修饰、功能化，并以许多类似的方式来应对肿瘤靶向药物输送带来的挑战。这篇综述将总结利用“智能”模块设计膜衍生纳米结构以响应、调节和靶向肿瘤细胞和微环境以对抗恶性肿瘤的最新进展。我们还将讨论将工程功能与天然存在的活性相结合以增强癌症治疗的观点。