The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of deaths and great economic loss globally. There has been substantial evidence supporting the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Airborne route has been considered as a major transmission pathway, which can spread the disease over a longer distance and time. The viral loads in the respiratory tract of a virus carrier are typically below 10⁹ RNA copies/mL and are related to the emission rate of pathogens. Most particles expelled during respiratory activities are smaller than 1–2 µm in diameter. Viral aerosols can remain infectious for hours under typical indoor conditions. Sunlight contributes greatly to the viability inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. The outbreaks in different scenarios are reviewed based on existing data. Most outbreaks were related to long-term care facilities, K-12 schools, restaurants, retail facilities, and offices. The Wells-Riley model for estimating the risk of airborne transmission is introduced, along with model parameters such as the quanta generation rate, virus-containing particle size distribution, and inactivation rate. The effectiveness of various IAQ control strategies for mitigating the airborne transmission risk is analyzed, including PPE, ventilation strategies, partitions, air cleaning, and disinfection technologies, and occupancy control strategies. Both benefits and costs should be considered in designing the control strategies.

COVID-19 大流行已在全球造成数百万人死亡和巨大经济损失。有大量证据支持 SARS-CoV-2 的空气传播。空气传播途径被认为是一种主要的传播途径，可以将疾病传播到更长的距离和时间。病毒携带者呼吸道中的病毒载量通常低于 10 ⁹RNA 拷贝数/mL，与病原体的排放率有关。呼吸活动期间排出的大多数颗粒的直径都小于 1-2 µm。在典型的室内条件下，病毒气溶胶可以在数小时内保持传染性。阳光极大地促进了 SARS-CoV-2 的活力灭活。根据现有数据对不同情景下的疫情进行了审查。大多数爆发与长期护理设施、K-12 学校、餐馆、零售设施和办公室有关。介绍了用于估计空气传播风险的 Wells-Riley 模型以及模型参数，例如量子生成率、含病毒的粒度分布和灭活率。分析了减轻空气传播风险的各种 IAQ 控制策略的有效性，包括 PPE、通风策略、隔断、空气净化和消毒技术以及占用控制策略。在设计控制策略时应考虑收益和成本。