Adult stem cells are characterized not only by their regenerative and immunomodulatory capacity but also by their therapeutic potential in various pathologies that include hematological malignancies, cancer, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, among others. However, these cells seem to play a paradoxical role during the development of the immune response in some infectious diseases. As an example, Candida albicans can induce the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progenitors, a process known as emergency hematopoiesis. Moreover, Aspergillus fumigatus and C. albicans, once recognized by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), can induce an anti-inflammatory or proinflammatory profile, respectively, and, in turn, these cells can inhibit the growth of these fungal pathogens. Additionally, the transplantation of MSCs, in an experimental pulmonary model of paracoccidioidomycosis, has been shown to exacerbate the inflammatory response. More recently, in vitro studies have shown that MSCs recognize Paracoccidioides brasiliensis through a mechanism mediated by toll-like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and Dectin-1, which, in turn, induces a proinflammatory profile. This review describes the main mechanisms and immunomodulatory properties of HSCs and MSCs during infections caused by some medically important fungal pathogens described so far in literature.

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造血和间充质基质细胞：真菌感染期间的新免疫学作用

成体干细胞的特征不仅在于它们的再生和免疫调节能力，而且还在于它们在各种病理学中的治疗潜力，包括血液系统恶性肿瘤、癌症、自身免疫和炎症性疾病等。然而，这些细胞似乎在某些传染病的免疫反应发展过程中发挥了矛盾的作用。例如，白色念珠菌可以诱导造血干细胞 (HSC) 及其祖细胞的增殖和分化，这一过程称为紧急造血。此外，烟曲霉和白色念珠菌，一旦被间充质基质细胞（MSCs）识别，可以分别诱导抗炎或促炎谱，反过来，这些细胞可以抑制这些真菌病原体的生长。此外，在副球孢子菌病的实验性肺模型中，MSCs 的移植已被证明会加剧炎症反应。最近，体外研究表明，MSCs通过一种由 Toll 样受体 (TLR)2、TLR4 和 Dectin-1 介导的机制识别Paracoccidioides brasiliensis ，进而诱导促炎特征。本综述描述了迄今为止文献中描述的一些医学上重要的真菌病原体引起的感染期间 HSC 和 MSC 的主要机制和免疫调节特性。