Predation is a major ecological constraint shaping behaviour and communication in animals. Several fish species are known to modify their foraging, agonistic and reproductive behaviour in the presence of predators. However, close to nothing is known about how predators affect sound production in fishes. This paper reviews how vocal fish increase their chance of survival by modifying intraspecific acoustic communication and by producing sounds directed towards predators. Field studies showed that toadfish, drums and squirrelfish reduced the number and loudness of calls when dolphin sounds were played back. These studies lack behavioural observations, leaving the question open how individual fish respond to predation threat. Croaking gouramis (Trichopsis vittata, Osphronemidae) reduced acoustic and visual signalling during dyadic contests and refrained from escalated behaviour when detecting a predator in an adjacent tank. This indicates that gouramis increase their vigilance by reducing agonistic behaviour. Vocal fish have been observed to emit sounds when predators approach or when being caught. However, none of the predators (or even conspecifics nearby) responded to these calls. Therefore, the term “predator-related” sound has been introduced in this paper to avoid implying unproven functions (alarm, startling, warning, distress and disturbance). Interestingly, the readiness of numerous taxa (e.g. catfishes) to vocalize when hand-held or netted was frequently exploited to investigate sound production in fish in relation to weight, sex, sonic organs, temperature or phylogeny. Increasing levels of noise in aquatic habitats call for more research on predator–prey interactions because of potential negative effects on detection of sounds produced by predators or prey.

中文翻译：

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闭嘴或大声喊叫：鱼类的捕食威胁和声音产生

捕食是影响动物行为和交流的主要生态约束。已知有几种鱼类在捕食者存在的情况下会改变它们的觅食、竞争和繁殖行为。然而，关于捕食者如何影响鱼类的声音产生几乎一无所知。本文回顾了发声鱼如何通过改变种内声学交流和产生针对捕食者的声音来增加它们的生存机会。实地研究表明，当播放海豚的声音时，蟾鱼、鼓和松鼠鱼减少了呼叫的数量和响度。这些研究缺乏行为观察，留下了个体鱼类如何应对捕食威胁的问题。呱呱叫 ( Trichopsis vittata,Osphronemidae）在二元竞赛期间减少了声音和视觉信号，并在检测到相邻坦克中的捕食者时避免升级行为。这表明gouramis通过减少激动行为来提高他们的警惕性。据观察，当捕食者接近或被捕获时，发声鱼会发出声音。然而，没有一个捕食者（甚至附近的同类）对这些呼唤做出反应。因此，本文引入了术语“与捕食者有关的”声音，以避免暗示未经证实的功能（警报、惊吓、警告、遇险和干扰）。有趣的是，许多类群（例如鲶鱼）在手持或网捕时发出声音的准备情况经常被用来研究与体重、性别、声音器官、温度或系统发育相关的鱼类的声音产生。