There is growing recognition of the role of diet and physical activity in modulating bone mineral density, bone mineral content, and remodeling, which in turn can impact bone health later in life. Adequate nutrient composition could influence bone health and help to maximize peak bone mass. Therefore, children’s nutrition may have lifelong consequences. Also, physical activity, adequate in volume or intensity, may have positive consequences on bone mineral content and density and may preserve bone loss in adulthood. Most of the literature that exists for children, about diet and physical activity on bone health, has been translated from studies conducted in adults. Thus, there are still many unanswered questions about what type of diet and physical activity may positively influence skeletal development. This review focuses on bone requirements in terms of nutrients and physical activity in childhood and adolescence to promote bone health. It explores the contemporary scientific literature that analyzes the impact of diet together with the typology and timing of physical activity that could be more appropriate depending on whether they are children and adolescents to assure an optimal skeleton formation. A description of the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and gut hormones (gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, and GLP-2) as potential candidates in this interaction to promote bone health is also presented.

人们越来越认识到饮食和身体活动在调节骨矿物质密度、骨矿物质含量和重塑方面的作用，而这反过来又会影响以后的骨骼健康。充足的营养成分可以影响骨骼健康并有助于最大限度地提高峰值骨量。因此，儿童的营养可能会产生终生的影响。此外，足够数量或强度的体力活动可能对骨矿物质含量和密度产生积极影响，并可能在成年后保留骨质流失。大多数针对儿童的关于饮食和身体活动对骨骼健康的影响的文献都是从成人研究中翻译而来的。因此，关于哪种饮食和身体活动可能对骨骼发育产生积极影响，仍有许多未解答的问题。本综述重点关注儿童和青少年时期营养和身体活动方面的骨骼需求，以促进骨骼健康。它探索了当代科学文献，分析了饮食的影响以及体育活动的类型和时间，根据他们是否是儿童和青少年，体育活动的类型和时间可能更合适，以确保最佳的骨骼形成。还描述了甲状旁腺激素 (PTH) 和肠道激素（胃抑制肽 (GIP)、胰高血糖素样肽 (GLP)-1 和 GLP-2）作为这种相互作用中促进骨骼健康的潜在候选者的作用。