The cellular metabolism of host tRNAs and life cycle of HIV-1 cross paths at several key virus–host interfaces. Emerging data suggest a multi-faceted interplay between host tRNAs and HIV-1 that plays essential roles, both structural and regulatory, in viral genome replication, genome packaging, and virion biogenesis. HIV-1 not only hijacks host tRNAs and transforms them into obligatory reverse transcription primers but further commandeers tRNAs to regulate the localization of its major structural protein, Gag, via a specific interface. This review highlights recent advances in understanding tRNA–HIV-1 interactions, primarily from a structural perspective, which start to elucidate their underlying molecular mechanisms, intrinsic specificities, and biological significances. Such understanding may provide new avenues toward developing HIV/AIDS treatments and therapeutics including small molecules and RNA biologics that target these host–virus interfaces.

中文翻译：

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宿主 tRNA 和 HIV-1 之间的相互作用：结构视角

宿主 tRNA 的细胞代谢和 HIV-1 的生命周期在几个关键的病毒-宿主界面处交叉路径。新出现的数据表明，宿主 tRNA 和 HIV-1 之间存在多方面的相互作用，在病毒基因组复制、基因组包装和病毒粒子生物发生中起着重要的结构和调节作用。HIV-1 不仅劫持宿主 tRNA 并将其转化为强制性逆转录引物，而且还通过特定接口进一步征用 tRNA 来调节其主要结构蛋白 Gag 的定位。这篇综述重点介绍了在理解 tRNA-HIV-1 相互作用方面的最新进展，主要从结构角度出发，开始阐明其潜在的分子机制、内在特异性和生物学意义。