Emerging threats of climate change require the rapid development of improved varieties with a higher tolerance to abiotic and biotic factors. Despite the success of traditional agricultural practices, novel techniques for precise manipulation of the crop’s genome are needed. Doubled haploid (DH) methods have been used for decades in major crops to fix desired alleles in elite backgrounds in a short time. DH plants are also widely used for mapping of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs), marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS), and hybrid production. Recent discoveries of genes responsible for haploid induction (HI) allowed engineering this trait through gene editing (GE) in non-inducer varieties of different crops. Direct editing of gametes or haploid embryos increases GE efficiency by generating null homozygous plants following chromosome doubling. Increased understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms responsible for spontaneous chromosome doubling in haploid plants may allow transferring this trait to different elite varieties. Overall, further improvement in the efficiency of the DH technology combined with the optimized GE could accelerate breeding efforts of the major crops.

中文翻译：

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作物单倍体组织基因编辑的进展

气候变化的新威胁需要快速开发对非生物和生物因素具有更高耐受性的改良品种。尽管传统农业实践取得了成功，但仍需要精确操纵作物基因组的新技术。双单倍体 (DH) 方法已在主要作物中使用数十年，可在短时间内修复精英背景中所需的等位基因。DH 植物还广泛用于数量性状基因座 (QTL) 作图、标记辅助选择 (MAS)、基因组选择 (GS) 和杂交生产。最近发现的负责单倍体诱导（HI）的基因允许通过基因编辑（GE）在不同作物的非诱导品种中改造这种性状。配子或单倍体胚胎的直接编辑通过在染色体加倍后产生无效纯合植物来提高 GE 效率。增加对单倍体植物中自发染色体加倍的潜在遗传机制的了解可能允许将该性状转移到不同的优良品种中。总体而言，进一步提高DH技术的效率与优化的GE相结合可以加速主要作物的育种工作。