The Mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds; most of these are anthocyanins. Obesity is intimately related to low-grade inflammation, with increased pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and macrophage infiltration in white adipose tissue (WAT). This study investigated whether mulberry fruit extract (ME) has beneficial effects on obesity-induced inflammation and skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed either a low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + 5 g/kg of ME (ME-L), or HFD + 10 g/kg of ME (ME-H) for 14 weeks. ME alleviated dyslipidemia and lipid accumulation, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine production such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) in the WAT. ME mitigated nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) phosphorylation and macrophage infiltration in WAT. Notably, microRNA (miR)-21, miR-132, and miR-43 expressions were downregulated in the WAT of the ME groups compared to the HFD group. Moreover, ME increased the mitochondrial size and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, as well as key genes’ expression related to mitochondrial function, including sirtuin (SIRT)1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1β (CPT-1β), and uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/SIRT activities in skeletal muscle. These results suggested that ME might alleviate obesity-induced inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating miR-21, miR-132, and miR-43 expression in WAT, and by activating the PGC-1α/SIRT1 pathway in muscle.

中文翻译：

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桑椹 (Morus alba L.) 果实提取物通过调节 MicroRNA-21/132/143 表达改善炎症并增加骨骼肌线粒体含量和 AMPK/SIRT 活性

桑树 ( Morus albaL.) 水果是多酚化合物的丰富来源；其中大部分是花青素。肥胖与低度炎症密切相关，白色脂肪组织 (WAT) 中促炎细胞因子分泌增加和巨噬细胞浸润。本研究调查桑果提取物 (ME) 是否对肥胖引起的炎症和骨骼肌线粒体功能障碍具有有益作用。Sprague-Dawley 大鼠分为四组，分别喂食低脂饮食 (LFD)、高脂饮食 (HFD)、HFD + 5 g/kg ME (ME-L) 或 HFD + 10 g/kg ME (ME-H) 14 周。ME 减轻了血脂异常和脂质积累，以及促炎细胞因子的产生，如 WAT 中的肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)、白细胞介素 6 (IL-6) 和单核细胞趋化蛋白 1 (MCP1)。ME 减轻了 WAT 中活化 B 细胞 (NF-κB) 磷酸化和巨噬细胞浸润的核因子κ轻链增强子。值得注意的是，与 HFD 组相比，ME 组的 WAT 中 microRNA (miR)-21、miR-132 和 miR-43 的表达下调。此外，ME 增加了线粒体大小和线粒体 DNA (mtDNA) 含量，以及与线粒体功能相关的关键基因的表达，包括 Sirtuin (SIRT)1、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)、肉碱棕榈酰转移酶 1β (CPT-1β) 和解偶联蛋白 3 (UCP3)，以及骨骼肌中的单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶 (AMPK)/SIRT 活性。这些结果表明 ME 可能通过调节 miR-21、miR-132、