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Antibiotics, Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes: Indicators of Contamination in Mangroves?
Antibiotics ( IF 4.3 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-13 , DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091103
Oskar A Palacios 1 , Jaime Raúl Adame-Gallegos 1 , Blanca Estela Rivera-Chavira 1 , Guadalupe Virginia Nevarez-Moorillon 1
Affiliation  

Multidrug-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes can be monitored as indicators of contamination in several environments. Mangroves are among the most productive ecosystems, and although they can be resilient to the action of climate phenomena, their equilibrium can be affected by anthropogenic activities. Regarding the presence and persistence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in mangroves, it is common to think that this ecosystem can function as a reservoir, which can disperse the antibiotic resistance capacity to human pathogens, or serve as a filter to eliminate drug-resistant genes. The possible impact of anthropogenic activities carried out near mangroves is reviewed, including wastewater treatment, food production systems, leisure, and tourism. Adverse effects of antibiotic resistance genes or multidrug-resistant bacteria, considered as emerging contaminants, have not been reported yet in mangroves. On the contrary, mangrove ecosystems can be a natural way to eliminate antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and even antibiotic-resistant genes from the environment. Although mangroves’ role in decreasing antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from the environment is being proposed, the mechanisms by which these plants reduce these emerging contaminants have not been elucidated and need further studies. Additionally, further evaluation is needed on the effects of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in mangroves to generate an analysis of the human contribution to the degradation of this specific ecosystem as well as to define if these contaminants can be used as indicators of contamination in mangrove ecosystems.

中文翻译:

抗生素、多重耐药菌和抗生素耐药基因:红树林污染指标?

多重耐药菌和抗生素耐药基因可以作为多种环境中的污染指标进行监测。红树林是生产力最高的生态系统之一,虽然它们可以抵御气候现象的影响,但它们的平衡会受到人为活动的影响。关于红树林中多重耐药菌的存在和持续存在,人们普遍认为这个生态系统可以作为一个水库,可以分散对人类病原体的抗生素耐药能力,或者作为过滤器来消除耐药基因。审查了在红树林附近进行的人为活动可能产生的影响,包括废水处理、食品生产系统、休闲和旅游。抗生素抗性基因或多重耐药菌的不良反应,被认为是新出现的污染物,尚未在红树林中报告。相反,红树林生态系统可以成为从环境中消除抗生素、抗药性细菌甚至抗药性基因的自然方式。尽管有人提出红树林在减少环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因方面的作用,但这些植物减少这些新兴污染物的机制尚未阐明,需要进一步研究。此外,还需要进一步评估红树林中抗生素和抗生素抗性细菌的影响,以分析人类对该特定生态系统退化的贡献,并确定这些污染物是否可用作红树林污染的指标生态系统。尚未在红树林中报道。相反,红树林生态系统可以成为从环境中消除抗生素、抗药性细菌甚至抗药性基因的自然方式。尽管有人提出红树林在减少环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因方面的作用,但这些植物减少这些新兴污染物的机制尚未阐明,需要进一步研究。此外,还需要进一步评估红树林中抗生素和抗生素抗性细菌的影响,以分析人类对该特定生态系统退化的贡献,并确定这些污染物是否可用作红树林污染的指标生态系统。尚未在红树林中报道。相反,红树林生态系统可以成为从环境中消除抗生素、抗药性细菌甚至抗药性基因的自然方式。尽管有人提出红树林在减少环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因方面的作用,但这些植物减少这些新兴污染物的机制尚未阐明,需要进一步研究。此外,还需要进一步评估红树林中抗生素和抗生素抗性细菌的影响,以分析人类对该特定生态系统退化的贡献,并确定这些污染物是否可用作红树林污染的指标生态系统。红树林生态系统可以成为从环境中消除抗生素、抗药性细菌甚至抗药性基因的自然方式。尽管有人提出红树林在减少环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因方面的作用,但这些植物减少这些新兴污染物的机制尚未阐明,需要进一步研究。此外,还需要进一步评估红树林中抗生素和抗生素抗性细菌的影响,以分析人类对该特定生态系统退化的贡献,并确定这些污染物是否可用作红树林污染的指标生态系统。红树林生态系统可以成为从环境中消除抗生素、抗药性细菌甚至抗药性基因的自然方式。尽管有人提出红树林在减少环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因方面的作用,但这些植物减少这些新兴污染物的机制尚未阐明,需要进一步研究。此外,需要进一步评估红树林中抗生素和抗生素抗性细菌的影响,以分析人类对该特定生态系统退化的贡献,并确定这些污染物是否可用作红树林污染的指标生态系统。尽管有人提出红树林在减少环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因方面的作用,但这些植物减少这些新兴污染物的机制尚未阐明,需要进一步研究。此外,需要进一步评估红树林中抗生素和抗生素抗性细菌的影响,以分析人类对该特定生态系统退化的贡献,并确定这些污染物是否可用作红树林污染的指标生态系统。尽管有人提出红树林在减少环境中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因方面的作用,但这些植物减少这些新兴污染物的机制尚未阐明,需要进一步研究。此外,需要进一步评估红树林中抗生素和抗生素抗性细菌的影响,以分析人类对该特定生态系统退化的贡献,并确定这些污染物是否可用作红树林污染的指标生态系统。
更新日期:2021-09-13
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