The peculiarities of the inverse square law of Newtonian gravity in standard big bang cosmology are discussed. It is shown that the incorporation of an additive term to Newtonian gravitation, as the inverse Yukawa-like field, allows removing the incompatibility between the flatness of the Universe and the density of matter in the Friedmann equation, provides a new approach for dark energy, and enables theoretical deduction of the Hubble–Lemaïtre law. The source of this inverse Yukawa-like field is the ordinary baryonic matter and represents the large-scale contribution of gravity in accordance with the Mach principle. It is heuristically built from a specular reflection of the Yukawa potential, in agreement with astronomical and laboratory observables, resulting null in the inner solar system, weakly attractive in ranges of interstellar distances, very attractive in distance ranges comparable to the clusters of galaxies, and repulsive in cosmic scales. Its implications in the missing mass of Zwicky, virial theorem, Kepler’s third law in globular clusters, rotation curves of galaxies, gravitational redshift, and Jean’s mass are discussed. The inclusion of the inverse Yukawa-like field in Newtonian gravitation predicts a graviton mass of at least 10⁻⁶⁴ kg and could be an alternative to the paradigm of non-baryonic dark matter concomitant with the observables of the big bang.

讨论了标准大爆炸宇宙学中牛顿引力平方反比定律的特点。结果表明，在牛顿引力中加入一个附加项，作为逆汤川类场，可以消除弗里德曼方程中宇宙平坦度与物质密度之间的不相容性，为暗能量提供了一种新方法，并实现哈勃-勒梅特定律的理论推论。这个逆汤川类场的来源是普通的重子物质，代表了根据马赫原理的引力的大规模贡献。它是根据汤川势的镜面反射启发式构建的，与天文和实验室的观测结果一致，导致太阳系内部为零，在星际距离范围内吸引力较弱，在与星系团相当的距离范围内非常有吸引力，而在宇宙尺度上则具有排斥性。讨论了它在 Zwicky 质量缺失、维里定理、球状星团中的开普勒第三定律、星系旋转曲线、引力红移和让质量中的含义。牛顿引力中包含逆汤川类场，预测引力子质量至少为 10⁻⁶⁴ kg，可以替代伴随大爆炸观测的非重子暗物质范式。