While it is well recognized that exercise represents a radical preventive and therapeutic measure for lifestyle-related diseases, it is clear that contemporary lifestyles abound with situations where exercise may be found difficult to implement on a continuous basis. Indeed, this has led to global expectations for elucidation of the exercise-activated skeletal muscle signaling pathways as well as for development of exercise mimics that effectively activate such pathways. It is shown that exercise activates the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α via AMPK/SIRT1 in muscle, thereby not only enhancing mitochondrial function and muscle endurance but upregulating energy metabolism. Further, adipocyte-derived adiponectin is also shown to activate AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α via its receptor AdipoR1 in skeletal muscles. Thus, adiponectin/AdipoR1 signaling is thought to constitute exercise-mimicking signaling. Indeed, it has become clear that AMPK, SIRT1 and AdipoR activators act as exercise mimetics. With the crystal structures of AdipoR elucidated and humanized AdipoR mice generated toward optimization of candidate AdipoR-activators for human use, expectations are mounting for the clinical application in the near future of AdipoR activators as exercise mimetics in humans. This review provides an overview of molecules activated by exercise and compounds activating these molecules, with a focus on the therapeutic potential of AdipoR activators as exercise mimetics.

虽然众所周知，运动代表了生活方式相关疾病的一种激进的预防和治疗措施，但很明显，当代生活方式中存在很多难以持续进行运动的情况。事实上，这导致了全球对阐明运动激活的骨骼肌信号通路以及开发有效激活这些通路的运动模拟物的期望。结果表明，运动通过肌肉中的 AMPK/SIRT1 激活转录共激活因子 PGC-1α，从而不仅增强线粒体功能和肌肉耐力，而且上调能量代谢。此外，脂肪细胞衍生的脂联素也显示通过激活 AMPK/SIRT1/PGC- 1α它在骨骼肌中的受体 AdipoR1。因此，脂联素/AdipoR1 信号被认为构成运动模拟信号。事实上，很明显 AMPK、SIRT1 和 AdipoR 激活剂充当运动模拟物。随着 AdipoR 阐明和人源化 AdipoR 小鼠的晶体结构朝着优化人用候选 AdipoR 激活剂的方向产生，人们对 AdipoR 激活剂在不久的将来作为人体运动模拟物的临床应用的期望越来越高。本综述概述了运动激活的分子和激活这些分子的化合物，重点关注 AdipoR 激活剂作为运动模拟物的治疗潜力。