Adaptation to rapid environmental changes must occur within a short-time scale. In this context, studies of invasive species may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of rapid adaptation as these species have repeatedly encountered and adapted to novel environmental conditions. We investigated how invasive and noninvasive genotypes of Drosophila suzukii deal with oxidative stress at the phenotypic and molecular levels. We also studied the impact of transposable element (TE) insertions on the gene expression in response to stress. Our results show that flies from invasive areas (France and the United States) live longer in natural conditions than the ones from native Japanese areas. As expected, lifespan for all genotypes was significantly reduced following exposure to paraquat, but this reduction varied among genotypes (genotype-by-environment interaction) with invasive genotypes appearing more affected by exposure than noninvasive ones. A transcriptomic analysis of genotypes upon paraquat treatment detected many genes differentially expressed (DE). Although a small core set of genes were DE in all genotypes following paraquat exposure, much of the response of each genotype was unique. Moreover, we showed that TEs were not activated after oxidative stress and DE genes were significantly depleted of TEs. In conclusion, it is likely that transcriptomic changes are involved in the rapid adaptation to local environments. We provide new evidence that in the decade since the invasion from Asia, the sampled genotypes in Europe and the United States of D. suzukii diverged from the ones from the native area regarding their phenotypic and genomic response to oxidative stress.

中文翻译：

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入侵物种对应激的表型和转录组反应因种群地理而异


必须在短时间内适应快速的环境变化。在这种背景下，对入侵物种的研究可能有助于了解这些物种反复遇到并适应新的环境条件时快速适应的潜在机制。我们研究了铃木果蝇的侵入性和非侵入性基因型如何在表型和分子水平上应对氧化应激。我们还研究了转座元件（TE）插入对应激反应中基因表达的影响。我们的结果表明，来自入侵地区（法国和美国）的苍蝇在自然条件下比来自日本本土地区的苍蝇寿命更长。正如预期的那样，所有基因型的寿命在接触百草枯后均显着缩短，但这种缩短因基因型（基因型与环境的相互作用）而异，侵入性基因型似乎比非侵入性基因型更容易受到接触的影响。对百草枯处理后的基因型进行转录组分析，发现许多基因存在差异表达 (DE)。尽管接触百草枯后，所有基因型中都有一小部分核心基因出现 DE 反应，但每种基因型的大部分反应都是独特的。此外，我们发现氧化应激后 TE 并未激活，并且 DE 基因的 TE 显着耗尽。总之，转录组变化可能与对当地环境的快速适应有关。我们提供了新的证据，表明自亚洲入侵以来的十年中，欧洲和美国的铃木石竹样本基因型在表型和基因组对氧化应激的反应方面与原产地的基因型有所不同。