Exosomes are a novel class of intercellular signal modulators that contain a wide range of molecules and deliver information between cells and tissues. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a type of regulatory non-coding RNA, are often incorporated into exosomes as signaling molecules. In this review, we discuss the expression of exosomal miRNAs from diverse origins such as tumor cells, solid tumor tissue, and biological fluids in various cancers (lung, breast, colorectal, liver, stomach, and pancreatic). We address the biological functions of exosome-derived miRNAs in processes such as tumor-cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance in the tumor microenvironment. In particular, we discuss three oncogenic miRNAs, miR-21, miR-141, and miR-451, which occur within exosomes, in terms of gene regulation and intercellular communication. We consider therapeutic miRNA-based nanoparticles, which are widely expressed in tumors and show promise in drug therapy. The review assesses the wide-ranging evidence for using exosomal miRNAs as tumor markers in molecular diagnosis. Further, we consider the use of nanoparticle platforms to transport miRNAs, in the targeted treatment of disease and tumors.

中文翻译：

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外泌体来源的miRNA在癌症进展和治疗中的表达、调控和功能

外泌体是一类新型的细胞间信号调节剂，包含多种分子并在细胞和组织之间传递信息。MicroRNA (miRNA) 是一种调节性非编码 RNA，通常作为信号分子掺入外泌体中。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了来自不同来源的外泌体 miRNAs 的表达，例如肿瘤细胞、实体瘤组织和各种癌症（肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠直肠癌、肝癌、胃癌和胰腺癌）中的生物体液。我们解决了外泌体衍生的 miRNA 在肿瘤微环境中的肿瘤细胞增殖、血管生成、转移和化学抗性等过程中的生物学功能。我们特别讨论了三种致癌 miRNA，miR-21、miR-141 和 miR-451，它们发生在外泌体中，涉及基因调控和细胞间通讯。我们考虑了治疗性基于 miRNA 的纳米粒子，它们在肿瘤中广泛表达并在药物治疗中显示出前景。该综述评估了在分子诊断中使用外泌体 miRNA 作为肿瘤标志物的广泛证据。此外，我们考虑在疾病和肿瘤的靶向治疗中使用纳米颗粒平台来运输 miRNA。