Imaging immunological processes from blood to brain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Clinical & Experimental Immunology

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Imaging immunological processes from blood to brain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Clinical & Experimental Immunology ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-12 , DOI: 10.1111/cei.13660
Sandra Amor _{1,

2} , Erik Nutma ₁ , Manuel Marzin ₁ , Fabiola Puentes ₂

Affiliation

Neuropathology studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and animal models of ALS reveal a strong association between aberrant protein accumulation and motor neurone damage, as well as activated microglia and astrocytes. While the role of neuroinflammation in the pathology of ALS is unclear, imaging studies of the central nervous system (CNS) support the idea that innate immune activation occurs early in disease in both humans and rodent models of ALS. In addition, emerging studies also reveal changes in monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes in peripheral blood as well as at the neuromuscular junction. To more clearly understand the association of neuroinflammation (innate and adaptive) with disease progression, the use of biomarkers and imaging modalities allow monitoring of immune parameters in the disease process. Such approaches are important for patient stratification, selection and inclusion in clinical trials, as well as to provide readouts of response to therapy. Here, we discuss the different imaging modalities, e.g. magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography as well as other approaches, including biomarkers of inflammation in ALS, that aid the understanding of the underlying immune mechanisms associated with motor neurone degeneration in ALS.

中文翻译：

肌萎缩侧索硬化症从血液到大脑的免疫过程成像

肌萎缩侧索硬化症 (ALS) 和 ALS 动物模型的神经病理学研究揭示了异常蛋白质积累与运动神经元损伤以及活化的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞之间的密切关联。虽然神经炎症在 ALS 病理学中的作用尚不清楚，但中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的影像学研究支持先天免疫激活在人类和啮齿动物 ALS 模型的疾病早期发生的观点。此外，新兴研究还揭示了外周血以及神经肌肉接头中单核细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞的变化。为了更清楚地了解神经炎症（先天性和适应性）与疾病进展的关系，使用生物标志物和成像方式可以监测疾病过程中的免疫参数。这些方法对于临床试验中的患者分层、选择和纳入以及提供对治疗反应的读数非常重要。在这里，我们讨论了不同的成像方式，例如磁共振成像、磁共振波谱和正电子发射断层扫描以及其他方法，包括 ALS 炎症的生物标志物，这有助于理解与 ALS 运动神经元变性相关的潜在免疫机制.

更新日期：2021-09-12

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