Every organism on Earth depends on interactions with other organisms to survive. In each of these interactions, an organism must utilize the limited toolbox of genes and proteins it possesses to successfully manipulate or cooperate with another species, but it can also co-opt the genome machinery of its partner to expand its available tools. Insect-induced plant galls are an extreme example of this, wherein an insect hijacks the plant's genome to direct the initiation and development of galls consisting of plant tissue. However, previous transcriptomic studies have not evaluated individual tissues within a gall to determine the full extent to which a galling insect manipulates its host plant. Here we demonstrate that the cynipid wasp Dryocosmus quercuspalustris creates a complex parasite-specific organ from red oak tissue via massive changes in host gene expression. Our results show that the gall wasp is not merely modifying oak leaf tissue but creating extensive changes in gene expression between galled and ungalled tissue (differential expression in 28% of genes) and distinct gall tissue types (20% of genes). The outer gall tissue shows increases in various plant defence systems, which is consistent with its predicted functional role of protecting the wasp larva. The inner larval capsule shows suppression of large parts of the plant innate immune system and evidence for the wasp utilizing the plant's RNA interference mechanisms, which may be a potential mechanism for the wasp's control on gall growth.

中文翻译：

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组织特异性基因表达表明，一种食蟹黄蜂重新利用橡树宿主基因网络来创造一个复杂而新颖的寄生虫特异性器官

地球上的每个生物都依赖于与其他生物的相互作用才能生存。在每一种相互作用中，生物都必须利用其拥有的有限的基因和蛋白质工具箱来成功地操纵或与另一个物种合作，但它也可以利用其伙伴的基因组机器来扩展其可用工具。昆虫诱导的植物瘿就是一个极端的例子，其中昆虫劫持植物的基因组来指导由植物组织组成的瘿的起始和发育。然而，以前的转录组学研究没有评估虫瘿内的单个组织来确定虫瘿昆虫操纵其宿主植物的全部程度。在这里，我们证明了 cynipid 黄蜂Dryocosmus quercuspalustris通过宿主基因表达的巨大变化，从红橡木组​​织中创建了一个复杂的寄生虫特异性器官。我们的研究结果表明，瘿蜂不仅改变了橡树叶组织，而且在有瘿和无瘿组织（28% 的基因差异表达）和不同的瘿组织类型（20% 的基因）之间产生了广泛的基因表达变化。外瘿组织显示出各种植物防御系统的增加，这与其预测的保护黄蜂幼虫的功能作用一致。内部幼虫荚膜显示出植物先天免疫系统的大部分受到抑制，并证明黄蜂利用植物的 RNA 干扰机制，这可能是黄蜂控制瘿生长的潜在机制。