Forest and tree-based landscapes represent complex social-ecological systems. In tropical and subtropical regions, these landscapes are home to hundreds of millions of resource-poor people. Gaining a better understanding of how contextual factors influence forest-poverty dynamics is essential for the design, targeting and implementation of effective policy instruments and interventions to alleviate poverty. In this article we present an innovative framework for exploring the social, economic, political, institutional and environmental factors affecting forestry-poverty dynamics. We use two examples of widely used forest management and conservation interventions, namely protected areas and community forestry, to illustrate how these factors can take multiple roles in complex causal chains of processes of social and environmental change in forest and tree-based landscapes. We highlight how future research can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the processes and contexts shaping forest-poverty dynamics, including elucidating the differentiated effects of different drivers of change on multiple social and environmental outcomes over time.

森林和树木景观代表了复杂的社会生态系统。在热带和亚热带地区，这些景观是数亿资源贫乏人口的家园。更好地了解背景因素如何影响森林贫困动态对于设计、瞄准和实施有效的减贫政策工具和干预措施至关重要。在本文中，我们提出了一个创新框架，用于探索影响林业-贫困动态的社会、经济、政治、制度和环境因素。我们使用了两个广泛使用的森林管理和保护干预措施的例子，即保护区和社区林业，说明这些因素如何在森林和树木景观的社会和环境变化过程的复杂因果链中发挥多重作用。我们强调未来的研究如何能够更全面地了解塑造森林贫困动态的过程和背景，包括阐明随着时间的推移，不同的变化驱动因素对多种社会和环境结果的不同影响。