Sociologists increasingly use insights from dual-process models to explain how people think and act. These discussions generally emphasize the influence of cultural knowledge mobilized through automatic cognition, or else show how the use of automatic and deliberate processes vary according to the task at hand or the context. Drawing on insights from sociological theory and suggestive research from social and cognitive psychology, we argue that socially structured experiences also shape general, individual-level preferences (or propensities) for automatic and deliberate thinking. Using a meta-analysis of 63 psychological studies (N = 25,074) and a new multivariate analysis of nationally representative data, we test the hypothesis that the use of automatic and deliberate cognitive processes is socially patterned. We find that education consistently predicts preferences for deliberate processing and that gender predicts preferences for both automatic and deliberate processing. We find that age is a significant but likely nonlinear predictor of preferences for automatic and deliberate cognition, and we find weaker evidence for differences by income, marital status, and religion. These results underscore the need to consider group differences in cognitive processing in sociological explanations of culture, action, and inequality.

中文翻译：

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谁想怎样？依赖于自动和刻意认知的社会模式

社会学家越来越多地使用双过程模型的见解来解释人们如何思考和行动。这些讨论通常强调通过自动认知调动的文化知识的影响，或者展示自动和深思熟虑的过程的使用如何根据手头的任务或上下文而变化。借鉴来自社会学理论的见解以及来自社会和认知心理学的暗示性研究，我们认为社会结构化的经验也塑造了一般的、个人层面的自动和深思熟虑的偏好（或倾向）。使用对 63 项心理学研究 (N = 25,074) 的元分析和对全国代表性数据的新多变量分析，我们检验了以下假设：自动和故意认知过程的使用是社会模式化的。我们发现，教育始终如一地预测故意加工的偏好，而性别预测自动加工和故意加工的偏好。我们发现年龄是对自动和有意认知的偏好的重要但可能是非线性的预测因子，我们发现收入、婚姻状况和宗教差异的证据较弱。这些结果强调了在文化、行动和不平等的社会学解释中考虑认知过程中的群体差异的必要性。