Information on the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in fish has mostly been generated from standard laboratory species and short-term toxicity tests. However, there is significant uncertainty regarding AgNP toxicity to native species of concern in North America, particularly in northern freshwater ecosystems. We assessed the chronic toxicity of AgNPs in early life stages of three North American fish species: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush), and northern pike (Esox lucius). Newly fertilized embryos were exposed to nominal aqueous concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0, or 30.0 nM AgNPs for 126 (rainbow trout), 210 (lake trout), and 25 (northern pike) days. Endpoints included cumulative developmental time (°C × day or degree-days to 50% life-stage transition), mortality, fork length, embryonic malformations, cumulative survival, and histopathology of gill and liver in larvae/alevins. The results showed life stage–specific differences in responses, with endpoints during the embryonic stage occurring more often and at lower concentrations compared to larval/alevin and juvenile stages. Sensitivities among species were highly dependent on the endpoints measured, although developmental time appeared to be the most consistent endpoint across species. At embryonic and larval/alevin stages, northern pike was the most sensitive species (lowest observable effect concentration of 0.1 nM using developmental time). Rainbow trout displayed similar responses to lake trout across multiple endpoints and therefore seems to be an adequate surrogate for trout species in ecotoxicology studies. Moreover, while mortality during individual life stages was not generally affected, the cumulative mortality across life stages was significantly affected, which highlights the importance of chronic, multi-life-stage studies. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3337–3350. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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银纳米颗粒对三种加拿大鱼类早期发育毒性的多生命阶段比较

关于银纳米粒子 (AgNPs) 对鱼类的影响的信息主要来自标准实验室物种和短期毒性测试。然而，AgNP 对北美本土物种的毒性存在很大的不确定性，特别是在北部淡水生态系统中。我们评估了 AgNPs 在三种北美鱼类生命早期的慢性毒性：虹鳟鱼 ( Oncorhynchus mykiss )、湖鳟 ( Salvelinus namaycush ) 和北梭子鱼 ( Esox lucius )）。将新受精的胚胎暴露于 0.1、0.3、1.0、3.0、10.0 或 30.0 nM AgNPs 的标称水浓度 126（虹鳟）、210（湖鳟）和 25（北梭子鱼）天。终点包括累积发育时间（°C × 天或度天到 50% 生命阶段过渡）、死亡率、叉长、胚胎畸形、累积存活率以及幼虫/卵泡中鳃和肝脏的组织病理学。结果显示了特定生命阶段的反应差异，与幼虫/alevin 和幼体阶段相比，胚胎阶段的终点发生得更频繁且浓度更低。物种之间的敏感性高度依赖于测量的终点，尽管发育时间似乎是跨物种最一致的终点。在胚胎和幼虫/alevin 阶段，北梭子鱼是最敏感的物种（使用发育时间可观察到的最低效应浓度为 0.1 nM）。虹鳟在多个终点对湖鳟表现出相似的反应，因此在生态毒理学研究中似乎是鳟鱼物种的适当替代物。此外，虽然个人生命阶段的死亡率通常不受影响，但整个生命阶段的累积死亡率受到了显着影响，这凸显了慢性、多生命阶段研究的重要性。环境毒物化学2021；40:3337–3350。© 2021 SETAC