This study was conducted to determine the health status of three water bodies (Badagry Creek, Ologe Lagoon and River Owo) exposed to varying degrees of sand mining activities and industrial pollution. Water, sediment and fish samples were collected monthly from the three water bodies between April 2019 and March 2020. Standard methods were used for the analysis of physico-chemical parameters, fish diversity indices, length-weight relationship, condition factor, sediment pollution indices, ecotoxicology of heavy metals in sediment, potential ecological risks and health risk assessment of heavy metals. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify and quantify metal source. Shannon's diversity index (H') and condition factor varied between 2.03-2.37 and 0.84-4.86 respectively. Enrichment factor had a range of 4.05×10-4-8.65×10-1, while geoaccumulation index varied from -12.14 to -0.38. The mean quotients using the probable effect level (m-PEL-Q) are 3.91×10-4, 4.77×10-4 and 7.87×10-4 for Ologe Lagoon, Badagry Creek and River Owo respectively. The trend was the same with mean quotients using effect range-median (m-ERM-Q). The estimated dietary intake ranged from 0.00 mg/kg/day in Pb from River Owo to 1.15 × 10-3 mg/kg/day in Fe still from River Owo. The range of values of the target hazard quotient of the metals in Badagry Creek, River Owo and Ologe Lagoon are 1.23×10-4-1.65×10-2, 0.00-1.64×10-2 and 5.76×10-5-1.65×10-2 respectively. PMF identified three sources of metal into the aquatic ecosystems: agricultural, industrial and geological inputs. The study showed that the three aquatic ecosystems are healthy but require regular monitoring to promptly detect sudden changes in their health status.

中文翻译：

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尼日利亚西南部三个内陆水域的多指标生态系统健康评估，不同程度的采砂活动和重金属污染。

本研究旨在确定暴露于不同程度采砂活动和工业污染的三个水体（Badagry Creek、Ologe Lagoon 和 River Owo）的健康状况。2019 年 4 月至 2020 年 3 月，每月从三个水体采集水、沉积物和鱼类样品。采用标准方法分析理化参数、鱼类多样性指数、长度-重量关系、条件因子、沉积物污染指数、沉积物重金属生态毒理学、潜在生态风险及重金属健康风险评价。正矩阵分解 (PMF) 用于识别和量化金属源。Shannon的多样性指数（H'）和条件因子分别在2.03-2.37和0.84-4.86之间变化。富集因子的范围为 4.05×10-4-8.65×10-1，而地积指数从-12.14变化到-0.38。Ologe Lagoon、Badagry Creek 和 River Owo 的平均商数分别为 3.91×10-4、4.77×10-4 和 7.87×10-4。趋势与使用效应范围中位数 (m-ERM-Q) 的平均商相同。估计的膳食摄入量范围从奥沃河的铅中的 0.00 毫克/公斤/天到奥沃河的铁中的 1.15 × 10-3 毫克/公斤/天。Badagry Creek、River Owo 和 Ologe Lagoon 的金属目标危害商的取值范围为 1.23×10-4-1.65×10-2、0.00-1.64×10-2 和 5.76×10-5-1.65×分别为 10-2。PMF 确定了水生生态系统中的三种金属来源：农业、工业和地质投入。