With the rapid development of stem cell technology, the advent of three-dimensional (3D) cultured brain organoids has opened a new avenue for studying human neurodevelopment and neurological disorders. Brain organoids are stem-cell-derived 3D suspension cultures that self-assemble into an organized structure with cell types and cytoarchitectures recapitulating the developing brain. In recent years, brain organoids have been utilized in various aspects, ranging from basic biology studies, to disease modeling, and high-throughput screening of pharmaceutical compounds. In this review, we overview the establishment and development of brain organoid technology, its recent progress, and translational applications, as well as existing limitations and future directions.

中文翻译：

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脑类器官：在培养皿中研究人脑发育和疾病

随着干细胞技术的快速发展，三维（3D）培养脑类器官的出现为研究人类神经发育和神经系统疾病开辟了新途径。脑类器官是干细胞衍生的 3D 悬浮培养物，可自组装成有组织的结构，其细胞类型和细胞结构再现了发育中的大脑。近年来，脑类器官已被应用于各个方面，从基础生物学研究到疾病建模和药物化合物的高通量筛选。在这篇综述中，我们概述了脑类器官技术的建立和发展、最新进展、转化应用、以及现有的局限性和未来的方向。