Irritability is increasingly recognized as a significant clinical problem in youth. It is a criterion for multiple diagnoses and predicts the development of a wide range of disorders. Research on its etiology suggests that genetic and family environmental factors play a role, as do abnormalities in reward and cognitive-control neural circuitry. However, many of these effects are age dependent. Threat-responsive self-regulatory systems and the degree to which irritability is tonic or phasic influence whether irritable youth exhibit more internalizing or more externalizing outcomes.

中文翻译：

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青少年烦躁的跨诊断视角

烦躁越来越被认为是青少年的一个重要临床问题。它是多种诊断的标准，并预测多种疾病的发展。对其病因学的研究表明，遗传和家庭环境因素发挥了作用，奖励和认知控制神经回路的异常也发挥了作用。然而，其中许多影响与年龄有关。威胁响应的自我调节系统以及烦躁的强直性或阶段性程度会影响易怒的青少年是否表现出更多内化或更多外化的结果。