1. Managing farmland to benefit biodiversity is becoming increasingly necessary to combat biodiversity declines and maintain ecosystem services. Results-based agri-environmental schemes are a tool used to achieve this by paying farmers based on environmental results delivered. These schemes often utilise plant indicator species to assess results at field scale; however, it is unknown if focusing on enhancing a subset of one biodiversity group within results-based schemes impacts wider biodiversity, and whether local-scale implementation of results-based schemes or/and the wider landscape are more important drivers of biodiversity patterns.
2. Insect pollinators provide important pollination services for many crop and wild plants, and as mobile organisms often experience landscape at large spatial scales. We tested whether insect pollinators are affected at local scale by a results-based scheme scored based on plant indicators, or if landscape management is more important, and whether there were different responses between taxon-specific groups. Bumblebees, solitary bees, hoverflies and butterflies were sampled using transects and pan traps in 23 fields with varying scores assigned by the scheme, situated in high-intensity (≥65% improved grassland) or low-intensity (≥65% semi-natural grassland) landscapes.
3. Results indicate taxon-specific responses to local and landscape management in semi-natural grasslands. Bumblebees responded positively to local-scale management in fields with higher floral diversity, whereas hoverflies and butterflies responded positively to low-intensity landscape management.
4. Synthesis and applications. Using plant species as indicators for biodiversity in agri-environment schemes can have indirect benefits for non-target taxa like bumblebees, but broader indicators should be developed to incorporate other pollinator groups. Pollinator groups respond differently to local and landscape management in semi-natural grasslands. Agri-environmental management should consider a range of different management measures and landscape scale approaches where possible, to maximise benefits for a range of pollinator taxa.

中文翻译：

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局部和景观尺度管理对半天然草地传粉媒介的影响

1. 管理农田以造福生物多样性对于应对生物多样性下降和维持生态系统服务变得越来越必要。基于结果的农业环境计划是一种工具，用于根据交付的环境结果向农民支付报酬。这些计划通常利用植物指示物种来评估田间规模的结果；然而，尚不清楚在基于结果的计划中侧重于加强一个生物多样性组的一个子集是否会影响更广泛的生物多样性，以及在地方范围内实施基于结果的计划或/和更广泛的景观是否是生物多样性模式的更重要驱动因素。
2. 昆虫传粉者为许多作物和野生植物提供重要的传粉服务，并且由于移动生物经常经历大空间尺度的景观。我们测试了昆虫传粉者是否受到基于植物指标的基于结果的计划的影响，或者景观管理是否更重要，以及特定分类群之间是否有不同的反应。在高强度（≥65% 改善的草地）或低强度（≥65% 的半天然草地）的 23 个田地中使用横断面和盘式陷阱对大黄蜂、独蜂、食蚜蝇和蝴蝶进行采样) 风景。
3. 结果表明对半天然草原的当地和景观管理的分类群特异性反应。大黄蜂对花卉多样性较高的田地的局部管理反应积极，而食蚜蝇和蝴蝶对低强度的景观管理反应积极。
4. 合成与应用。在农业环境计划中使用植物物种作为生物多样性指标可为大黄蜂等非目标类群带来间接利益，但应制定更广泛的指标以纳入其他传粉媒介群体。传粉者群体对半天然草原的当地和景观管理有不同的反应。农业环境管理应在可能的情况下考虑一系列不同的管理措施和景观尺度方法，以使一系列传粉媒介类群的利益最大化。