The available literature on heat pumps shows that thermodynamic models lead to minimization of energy expense, very often in endoreversible configurations, sometimes irreversibles. The present paper purpose is to revisit and complete the heat pumps irreversible model by adding the coupling constraint between the cycle and the thermal reservoirs assumed to be thermostats. This constraint is in fact an essential condition for the cycle existence, practically always ignored. This modeling leads to a set of new results, including new expressions for the COP corresponding to minimum energy expense. The fundamental consequences of this new approach also show the limits of the equipartition theorem of heat exchange area, as well as of the entropy minimization method.

关于热泵的现有文献表明，热力学模型可以使能源消耗最小化，通常是可逆配置，有时是不可逆配置。本文的目的是通过添加循环和假设为恒温器的热库之间的耦合约束来重新审视和完善热泵不可逆模型。这个约束实际上是循环存在的必要条件，实际上总是被忽略。这种建模导致了一组新结果，包括对应于最小能源消耗的 COP 的新表达式。这种新方法的基本结果也显示了热交换面积均分定理以及熵最小化方法的局限性。