Background

Within the football codes, medium-distance (i.e., > 20 m and ≤ 40 m) and long-distance (i.e., > 40 m) sprint performance and maximum velocity sprinting are important capacities for success. Despite this, no research has identified the most effective training methods for enhancing medium- to long-distance sprint outcomes.

Objectives

This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to (1) analyse the ability of different methods to enhance medium- to long-distance sprint performance outcomes (0–30 m, 0 to > 30 m, and the maximum sprinting velocity phase [V_max]) within football code athletes and (2) identify how moderator variables (i.e., football code, sex, age, playing standard, phase of season) affected the training response.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases and performed a random-effects meta-analysis (within-group changes and pairwise between-group differences) to establish standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals and 95% prediction intervals. This identified the magnitude and direction of the individual training effects of intervention subgroups (sport only; primary, secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods) on medium- to long-distance sprint performance while considering moderator variables.

Results

In total, 60 studies met the inclusion criteria (26 with a sport-only control group), totalling 111 intervention groups and 1500 athletes. The within-group changes design reported significant performance improvements (small–moderate) between pre- and post-training for the combined, secondary (0–30 and 0 to > 30 m), and tertiary training methods (0–30 m). A significant moderate improvement was found in the V_max phase performance only for tertiary training methods, with no significant effect found for sport only or primary training methods. The pairwise between-group differences design (experimental vs. control) reported favourable performance improvements (large SMD) for the combined (0 to > 30 m), primary (V_max phase), secondary (0–30 m), and tertiary methods (all outcomes) when compared with the sport-only control groups. Subgroup analysis showed that the significant differences between the meta-analysis designs consistently demonstrated a larger effect in the pairwise between-group differences than the within-group change. No individual training mode was found to be the most effective. Subgroup analysis identified that football code, age, and phase of season moderated the overall magnitude of training effects.

Conclusions

This review provides the first systematic review and meta-analysis of all sprint performance development methods exclusively in football code athletes. Secondary, tertiary, and combined training methods appeared to improve medium-long sprint performance of football code athletes. Tertiary training methods should be implemented to enhance V_max phase performance. Nether sport-only nor primary training methods appeared to enhance medium to long sprint performance. Performance changes may be attributed to either adaptations specific to the acceleration or V_max phases, or both, but not exclusively V_max. Regardless of the population characteristics, sprint performance can be enhanced by increasing either the magnitude or the orientation of force an athlete can generate in the sprinting action, or both.

Trial Registration

OSF registration https://osf.io/kshqn/.

中文翻译：

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足球运动员中长距离短跑表现的训练：系统评价和荟萃分析

背景

在足球规范中，中距离（即 > 20 m 和 ≤ 40 m）和长距离（即 > 40 m）冲刺表现和最大速度冲刺是成功的重要能力。尽管如此，还没有研究确定提高中长距离冲刺成绩的最有效训练方法。

目标

本系统回顾与荟萃分析旨在 (1) 分析不同方法提高中长距离短跑成绩结果的能力（0-30 m、0 至 > 30 m，以及最大短跑速度阶段 [ V _max ]）在足球代码运动员中和（2）确定调节变量（即足球代码、性别、年龄、比赛标准、赛季阶段）如何影响训练反应。

方法

我们对电子数据库进行了系统搜索，并进行了随机效应荟萃分析（组内变化和成对组间差异），以建立具有 95% 置信区间和 95% 预测区间的标准化平均差异 (SMD)。在考虑调节变量的同时，确定了干预亚组（仅运动；初级、二级、三级和组合训练方法）对中长距离冲刺表现的个体训练影响的大小和方向。

结果

总共有 60 项研究符合纳入标准（其中 26 项为纯运动对照组），共有 111 个干预组和 1500 名运动员。组内变化设计报告了在组合、二级（0-30 和 0 到 > 30 m）和三级训练方法（0-30 m）的训练前和训练后之间的显着性能改进（小到中）。仅在三级训练方法中发现V _max阶段性能有显着的适度改善，而仅对运动或初级训练方法没有显着影响。成对组间差异设计（实验与对照）报告了组合（0 到 > 30 m）、初级（V _{max ）的良好性能改进（大 SMD）}阶段）、次要（0-30 m）和三次方法（所有结果）与仅运动对照组相比。亚组分析表明，荟萃分析设计之间的显着差异一致表明成对组间差异的影响大于组内变化。没有发现个人训练模式是最有效的。亚组分析发现，足球规则、年龄和赛季阶段调节了训练效果的整体幅度。

结论

这篇评论提供了第一次系统回顾和荟萃分析，专门针对足球运动员的所有短跑表现开发方法。二级、三级和组合训练方法似乎可以提高足球运动员的中长距离冲刺表现。应实施三级训练方法以提高V _max相位性能。仅下界运动或主要训练方法似乎都可以提高中长冲刺性能。性能变化可能归因于特定于加速或V _max阶段的适应，或两者，但不仅限于V _max. 无论人群特征如何，短跑表现都可以通过增加运动员在短跑动作中产生的力量的大小或方向，或两者兼而有之。

试用注册

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