Maritime surveillance (MS) is crucial for search and rescue operations, fishery monitoring, pollution control, law enforcement, migration monitoring, and national security policies. Since the early days of seafaring, MS has been a critical task for providing security in human coexistence. Several generations of sensors providing detailed maritime information have become available for large offshore areas in real time: maritime radar sensors in the 1950s and the automatic identification system (AIS) in the 1990s among them. However, ground-based maritime radars and AIS data do not always provide a comprehensive and seamless coverage of the entire maritime space. Therefore, the exploitation of space-based sensor technologies installed on satellites orbiting around the earth, such as satellite AIS data, synthetic aperture radar, optical sensors, and global navigation satellite systems reflectometry, becomes crucial for MS and to complement the existing terrestrial technologies. In the first part of this work, we provide an overview of the main available space-based sensors technologies and present the advantages and limitations of each technology in the scope of MS. The second part, related to artificial intelligence, signal processing, and data fusion techniques, is provided in a companion paper, titled: "Space-Based Global Maritime Surveillance. Part II: Artificial Intelligence and Data Fusion Techniques".

中文翻译：

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天基全球海上监视。第一部分：卫星技术


海上监视（MS）对于搜救行动、渔业监测、污染控制、执法、移民监测和国家安全政策至关重要。自航海早期以来，MS 一直是为人类共存提供安全的一项关键任务。提供详细海事信息的几代传感器已可用于大型近海区域，其中包括 20 世纪 50 年代的海事雷达传感器和 20 世纪 90 年代的自动识别系统 (AIS)。然而，陆基海事雷达和 AIS 数据并不总是能提供对整个海域的全面、无缝覆盖。因此，利用安装在绕地球运行的卫星上的天基传感器技术，例如卫星AIS数据、合成孔径雷达、光学传感器和全球导航卫星系统反射计，对于MS和补充现有的地面技术变得至关重要。在这项工作的第一部分中，我们概述了主要的可用天基传感器技术，并介绍了 MS 范围内每种技术的优点和局限性。第二部分与人工智能、信号处理和数据融合技术相关，在题为“基于空间的全球海上监视。第二部分：人工智能和数据融合技术”的配套论文中提供。