We present results from Euler–Lagrange simulations of turbulent flow over an erodible monodisperse bed of particles at a shear Reynolds number of $R{e}_{\tau }=180$. The Galileo number $Ga$ and the ratio of Shields to the critical Shields number $\Theta /{\theta }_{cr}$ were varied in the range 11.4 to 29.8 and 1.32 to 5.98, respectively. Two drag force models were investigated along with the influence of lift, particle rotation, and tangential collision forces for each model. Both models give similar results as far as mean particle flux and Shields stress are concerned, however we find that excluding particle rotation, without ignoring the associated tangential collisional force, significantly reduces the particle flux with little influence on Shields stress. On the other hand, when both particle rotation and tangential collision forces are not taken into account, the particle flux is practically unchanged, but the excess Shields stress slightly increases compared to the case where both effects are considered. We also find the lift force to substantially influence particle flux. Additionally, we show the importance of spatial coarse graining and time averaging for Euler–Euler simulations and quantify the reduction in scatter for space and time dependent variables such as sediment flux, Shields stress, and bed surface fluid velocities.

我们展示了 Euler-Lagrange 模拟在剪切雷诺数为 $\mathrm{电阻}{\mathrm{电子}}_{\tau }=180$. 伽利略数$G\mathrm{一种}$ 以及 Shields 与临界 Shields 数量的比率 $\Theta /{\theta }_{Cr}$分别在 11.4 至 29.8 和 1.32 至 5.98 的范围内变化。研究了两个阻力模型以及每个模型的升力、粒子旋转和切向碰撞力的影响。就平均粒子通量和 Shields 应力而言，这两种模型给出了相似的结果，但是我们发现，在不忽略相关切向碰撞力的情况下，排除粒子旋转会显着降低粒子通量，而对 Shields 应力的影响很小。另一方面，当不考虑粒子旋转和切向碰撞力时，粒子通量实际上没有变化，但与考虑这两种影响的情况相比，过量的屏蔽应力略有增加。我们还发现升力会显着影响粒子通量。此外，