Though urban land covers only around 0.5% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface, urbanization often leads to significant changes in land use and land cover. However, knowledge on the ecological and social outcomes of urbanization is largely fragmented across a multitude of local-level studies. We synthesized the outcomes of urbanization on 15 ecological and social variables associated with regional farming systems, namely water quality, agro-biodiversity, carbon sequestration, control of invasive species, soil fertility, control of soil erosion, pollination, cultural identity, food security, income and employment, demographic stability, conflict mitigation, social network, health and education, and equity. From 246 cases, positive, negative, and non-conclusive urbanization outcomes were extracted. Additionally, distributions of these outcomes by continent, population size of towns/cities, national per-capita GDP, and dominant farming systems were assessed. As a result, more negative than positive outcomes were found. Although ecological outcomes were largely negative, social ones were mostly positive. Threats to water quality, demographic stability, and cultural identity arose as particularly pressing issues. The ecological outcomes related to pollination were largely positive but all other ecological variables reported higher negative outcomes. The social outcomes related to the economic viability of farming and employment were largely positive, whereas those related to cultural and equity aspects were predominantly negative. The ecological outcomes were frequently negative in the Global South, medium-large cities, poor countries, and for livestock or fishery systems. The social outcomes were more frequently negative in the Americas, highly populated cities and megacities, wealthy countries, and for livestock and fishery systems. The threats and opportunities of rural–urban transformations in different dimensions and contexts of farming systems should be considered in any urban planning strategy.

中文翻译：

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城市化对区域农业系统的生态和社会结果：全球综合

尽管城市土地仅占地球陆地表面的 0.5% 左右，但城市化往往会导致土地利用和土地覆盖发生重大变化。然而，关于城市化的生态和社会结果的知识在大量地方层面的研究中基本上是分散的。我们综合了与区域农业系统相关的 15 个生态和社会变量的城市化结果，即水质、农业生物多样性、碳固存、入侵物种控制、土壤肥力、水土流失控制、授粉、文化认同、粮食安全、收入和就业、人口稳定、冲突缓解、社交网络、健康和教育以及公平。从 246 个案例中提取了正面、负面和不确定的城市化结果。此外，这些结果按大陆、城镇人口规模、全国人均 GDP 和主要农业系统的分布情况进行了评估。结果，发现的负面结果多于正面结果。尽管生态结果主要是负面的，但社会结果大多是积极的。对水质、人口稳定性和文化认同的威胁成为特别紧迫的问题。与授粉相关的生态结果在很大程度上是积极的，但所有其他生态变量都报告了更高的负面结果。与农业和就业的经济可行性相关的社会成果在很大程度上是积极的，而与文化和公平方面相关的社会成果则主要是消极的。在全球南方、大中城市、贫穷国家、以及用于牲畜或渔业系统。在美洲、人口稠密的城市和特大城市、富裕国家以及畜牧业和渔业系统，社会结果往往是负面的。在任何城市规划战略中，都应考虑农业系统不同维度和背景下城乡转变的威胁和机遇。