Increasing the penetration of photovoltaics (PV) reduces the marginal grid value of PV electricity. The declining grid value of PV with higher penetration could limit the technology’s economic attractiveness and future demand. Various strategies have been proposed for preserving this value. Using a consistent framework, we analyze the net value (accounting for both cost and grid value) of more than ten strategies in the United States. Here, grid value is estimated from coincident wholesale power market prices and PV generation using observed historical prices or modeled future prices with up to 30% PV penetration. We find that established and emerging strategies designed to shift the timing of standalone PV generation at the expense of total generation—including orienting monofacial PV modules west or bifacial modules vertically—result in minor net-value benefits or penalties. Adding energy storage to such systems magnifies the net-value loss, because configurations that change the timing of PV production become redundant when the energy-shifting capabilities of storage are added. The largest net-value gains come from strategies that maximize generation (solar tracking plus oversized PV arrays) in conjunction with storage, especially at high PV penetrations. PV systems are long-lived assets. Our results suggest that efforts to promote generation-maximizing strategies today may yield increasing net-value benefits as PV and storage deployments continue to accelerate in the United States over the coming decades.

增加光伏（PV）的渗透率会降低光伏电力的边际电网值。具有较高渗透率的光伏电网价值下降可能会限制该技术的经济吸引力和未来需求。已经提出了各种策略来保持该值。使用一致的框架，我们分析了美国十多个策略的净值（同时考虑了成本和网格值）。在这里，电网价值是根据同步的批发电力市场价格和光伏发电使用观察到的历史价格或模拟的未来价格估算的，光伏渗透率高达 30%。我们发现，旨在以牺牲总发电量为代价来改变独立光伏发电时间的既定和新兴策略（包括将单面光伏组件向西定向或双面光伏组件垂直定向）会导致较小的净值收益或损失。向此类系统添加储能会放大净值损失，因为当添加储能的能量转移能力时，改变光伏生产时间的配置变得多余。最大的净值收益来自最大化发电（太阳能跟踪加上超大光伏阵列）以及存储的策略，尤其是在高光伏渗透率的情况下。光伏系统是长期资产。