Severe challenges such as depletion of natural resources, natural catastrophes, extreme weather conditions, or overpopulation require intelligent solutions especially in architecture. Built environments that are conceived from smart materials based on actuator and sensor functionality provide a promising approach in order to address this demand. The present paper reviews smart materials-based technologies which are currently applied or developed for application in civil structures, focusing on smart material applications for actuation or sensing. After giving a definition and categorization of smart materials, applications of the investigated materials (i.e. shape memory materials, electro- and magnetostrictive materials, piezoelectric materials, ionic polymer-metal composites, dielectrical elastomers, polyelectrolyte gels as well as magneto- and electrorheological fluids) are presented for the fields of architecture and civil engineering. While some materials are already highly advantageous in the application context, others still need further research in order to become applicable in real-world constructions. Nonetheless this review indicates their large innovation potential which should be consolidated by systematic research efforts in the near future.

自然资源枯竭、自然灾害、极端天气条件或人口过剩等严峻挑战需要智能解决方案，尤其是在建筑领域。基于执行器和传感器功能的智能材料构想的建筑环境提供了一种有前途的方法来满足这一需求。本论文回顾了目前在土木结构中应用或开发的基于智能材料的技术，重点关注智能材料在驱动或传感方面的应用。在给出智能材料的定义和分类后，研究材料（即形状记忆材料、电致和磁致伸缩材料、压电材料、离子聚合物-金属复合材料、介电弹性体、聚电解质凝胶以及磁流体和电流变流体）用于建筑和土木工程领域。虽然一些材料在应用环境中已经非常有利，但其他材料仍需要进一步研究才能在现实世界中应用。尽管如此，这篇综述表明它们具有巨大的创新潜力，应该在不久的将来通过系统的研究努力加以巩固。