There is an important constraint that can be used to regulate mobility in competitive labor markets—the existence of a deeply felt rivalry between employers. Rivalry denotes a stable antagonistic relationship between companies, as exemplified by Apple and IBM in the 1980s. Analyzing data from the Palio di Siena (an ancient horse race in Siena, Italy), this article shows that direct moves between rivals are rare, accounting for less than 2% of all career moves in this context between 1743 and 2011. Rivalry constrains not only direct but also indirect moves to the ally of a rival or the rival of an ally. This article presents a framework describing how managers can harness rivalry: mapping rivalry, managing rivalry to capitalize on its positive aspects, and leveraging rivalry to adjust the level of competitive intensity.

有一个重要的制约因素可以用来调节竞争性劳动力市场中的流动性——雇主之间存在深刻的竞争。竞争表示公司之间稳定的对抗关系，如 1980 年代的 Apple 和 IBM 就是例证。本文通过分析Palio di Siena（意大利锡耶纳的一项古老赛马）的数据表明，在1743 年至2011 年间，竞争对手之间的直接变动很少见，在此背景下的所有职业变动中占比不到2%。只能直接但也可以间接地向对手的盟友或盟友的对手移动。本文提出了一个框架，描述了管理者如何利用竞争：映射竞争、管理竞争以利用其积极方面，以及利用竞争 竞争程度调整竞争强度。