Purpose

This study aims to investigate the risks associated with managing the dispersed knowledge in inter-organizational arrangements for innovation. Specifically, it proposes a model to analyze the knowledge management risks in open innovation, applied in four steps.

Design/methodology/approach

Initially, the authors carried out a systematic literature review (SLR) on the concepts that connect knowledge management, inter-organizational arrangements for innovation and risks. The SLR results led to a complementary theoretical review on the conceptual elements in question. Based on the findings, the authors have developed a model to analyze the knowledge management risks in open innovation, which was validated by experts. It was then studied the case of GOL Airlines, a company that uses innovation to overcome the paradox between low-cost and full service in the commercial air transportation industry, considering the application and adjustment of the proposed model.

Findings

Open innovation is one of the inter-organizational arrangement types most applied in the context of innovation. Relations between agents are the primary sources of risks when managing the dispersed knowledge in these arrangements. The authors have found five main risks associated, namely, risk of the innovative effort does not reach the expected objective, risk of knowledge transfer being ineffective, risk of misappropriation of value, risk of dependency (lock-in) and risk of relations.

Practical implications

The practical implication is the proposition of a procedure for applying the model to analyze the knowledge management risks in open innovation, which makes it a prescriptive model for identifying risks. The proposed model is described in four steps, namely, to identify the agents in the environment of the value of open innovation; to identify the types of relations of each agent; to consider the barriers to knowledge management in innovation; and to assess the risks considering the possibilities derived from the agents, their relationships and the barriers. The model is applied in the GOL case and the results are presented.

Originality/value

First, it uses a novel approach to investigate open innovation while studying its risks. This approach considers the knowledge is dispersed and flows from one organization to another through a combination of relations inside the environment of value where the open innovation materializes. Second, it contributes to theory development by opening a research front that fuses four areas: risk management, knowledge management, innovation and inter-organizational arrangements. Third, this paper proposes a theoretical model and presents its operationalization. The study aims to make an impact beyond academia and uses a case study to illustrate the model application in a real and interesting open innovation project to support the business model at GOL Airlines.

中文翻译：

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开放式创新知识管理风险分析模型：以GOL航空公司为例

目的

本研究旨在调查与在组织间创新安排中管理分散知识相关的风险。具体来说，它提出了一个模型来分析开放式创新中的知识管理风险，分四个步骤应用。

设计/方法/方法

最初，作者对连接知识管理、组织间创新安排和风险的概念进行了系统文献综述 (SLR)。SLR 结果导致对所讨论的概念元素进行补充的理论审查。基于研究结果，作者开发了一个模型来分析开放式创新中的知识管理风险，并得到了专家的验证。然后研究了GOL航空公司的案例，该公司通过创新来克服商业航空运输行业中低成本和全方位服务之间的悖论，考虑到拟议模型的应用和调整。

发现

开放式创新是创新背景下应用最多的组织间安排类型之一。在管理这些安排中的分散知识时，代理人之间的关系是风险的主要来源。作者发现了五个相关的主要风险，即创新努力未达到预期目标的风险、知识转移无效的风险、价值盗用风险、依赖风险（锁定）和关系风险。

实际影响

实际意义是提出了一个应用模型来分析开放式创新中的知识管理风险的程序，这使其成为识别风险的规范模型。所提出的模型分四个步骤进行描述，即识别环境中的智能体的开放创新价值；识别每个代理的关系类型；考虑创新中知识管理的障碍；并评估风险，考虑来自代理人、他们的关系和障碍的可能性。该模型应用于 GOL 案例并给出了结果。

原创性/价值

首先，它使用一种新颖的方法来调查开放式创新，同时研究其风险。这种方法认为知识是分散的，并通过开放式创新实现的价值环境中的关系组合从一个组织流向另一个组织。其次，它通过开辟一个融合四个领域的研究前沿来促进理论发展：风险管理、知识管理、创新和组织间安排。第三，本文提出了一个理论模型并提出了其可操作性。该研究旨在产生超越学术界的影响，并使用案例研究来说明模型在一个真实而有趣的开放式创新项目中的应用，以支持 GOL 航空公司的商业模式。