The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tourism on Land Surface Temperature (LST), an issue which has rarely been considered in the tourism development literature. In this research, remote sensing techniques have been used to analyze the changes in the LST and spectral indices including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and Enhanced Built-Up and Bareness Index (EBBI). The data used were based on Landsat Collection 1 Surface Reflectance (SR) images taken in June and August. They were analyzed over 32 years in the years 1987, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2014 and 2019. The study area included the cities of Babolsar and Fereydonkenar and their suburbs in Mazandaran Province in the north of Iran and south of the Caspian Sea. First the tourism zones were separated from other land use zones and then the changes in land use and LST in each of the zones were studied for each year based on the trend of 32-year change. The results of Pearson correlation in the whole area for each main land use zone showed that there was a significant inverse relationship between the LST and the NDVI and MNDWI indices. This relationship was direct and significant for the EBBI index. Moreover, the results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test showed that the LST changes in the tourism zones during the study period were significantly different from the other zones, so that the tourism zones always experienced lower LST. The findings also showed that, in the tourism zones, the values of the NDVI and MNDWI indices showed an increasing trend compared to the urban zone. Therefore, increasing the values of these indices due to the development of green space and its regular irrigation in tourism zones has led to a significant decrease in the LST. The applied results of this research in the urban planning and tourism literature indicate that any model of physical development such as urban development does not necessarily lead to an increase in the LST, and this is entirely dependent on the physical design strategies.

中文翻译：

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旅游对地表温度 (LST) 时空格局的影响：Babolsar 和 Fereydonkenar 城市（伊朗案例研究）

本研究的目的是调查旅游业对地表温度 (LST) 的影响，这是旅游发展文献中很少考虑的问题。在这项研究中，遥感技术已被用于分析 LST 和光谱指数的变化，包括归一化差异植被指数 (NDVI)、修正归一化差异水指数 (MNDWI) 和增强建筑和裸露指数 (EBBI)。使用的数据基于 6 月和 8 月拍摄的 Landsat Collection 1 表面反射 (SR) 图像。他们在 1987 年、1993 年、1999 年、2009 年、2014 年和 2019 年的 32 年间进行了分析。研究区域包括巴博尔萨尔和费雷东肯纳尔市及其位于伊朗北部和里海南部马赞达兰省的郊区。首先将旅游区与其他土地利用区分开，然后根据32年变化趋势研究各区土地利用和LST每年的变化。各主要土地利用区全区Pearson相关结果表明，LST与NDVI和MNDWI指数呈显着负相关。这种关系对于 EBBI 指数是直接且显着的。此外，单因素方差分析（ANOVA）和 Tukey 检验的结果表明，研究期间旅游区的 LST 变化与其他区域有显着差异，因此旅游区总是经历较低的 LST。研究结果还表明，在旅游区，NDVI 和 MNDWI 指数的值与市区相比呈上升趋势。所以，由于绿地的开发和旅游区的定期灌溉，这些指数的值增加导致 LST 显着下降。这项研究在城市规划和旅游文献中的应用结果表明，任何物理发展模式，如城市发展，都不一定会导致 LST 的增加，这完全取决于物理设计策略。