Information-to-energy conversion with feedback measurement stands as one of the most intriguing aspects of the thermodynamics of information in the nanoscale. To date, experiments have focused on feedback protocols for work extraction. Here we address the novel case of dissipation reduction in nonequilibrium systems with feedback. We perform pulling experiments on DNA hairpins with optical tweezers, with a general feedback protocol based on multiple measurements that includes either discrete-time or continuous-time feedback. While feedback can reduce dissipation, it remains unanswered whether it also improves free-energy determination (information-to-measurement conversion). We define thermodynamic information $\mathrm{\Upsilon }$ as the natural logarithm of the feedback efficacy, a quantitative measure of the efficiency of information-to-energy and information-to-measurement conversion in feedback protocols. We find that discrete- and continuous-time feedback reduces dissipation by roughly $k_{B}T\mathrm{\Upsilon }$ without improvement in free-energy determination. Remarkably, a feedback strategy (defined as a correlated sequence of feedback protocols) further reduces dissipation, enhancing information-to-measurement efficiency. Our study underlines the role of temporal correlations to develop feedback strategies for efficient information-to-measurement conversion in small systems.

中文翻译：

---

使用反馈协议的 DNA 拉取实验中的耗散减少和信息到测量的转换

具有反馈测量的信息到能量转换是纳米级信息热力学中最有趣的方面之一。迄今为止，实验主要集中在工作提取的反馈协议上。在这里，我们解决了具有反馈的非平衡系统中耗散减少的新情况。我们使用光镊对 DNA 发夹进行拉拔实验，使用基于多个测量的通用反馈协议，包括离散时间或连续时间反馈。虽然反馈可以减少耗散，但它是否也能改善自由能的确定（信息到测量的转换）仍然没有答案。我们定义热力学信息$\mathrm{⒈}$作为反馈效率的自然对数，反馈协议中信息到能量和信息到测量转换效率的定量度量。我们发现离散和连续时间反馈大约减少了耗散${克}_{乙}吨\mathrm{⒈}$没有改进自由能测定。值得注意的是，反馈策略（定义为反馈协议的相关序列）进一步减少了耗散，提高了信息到测量的效率。我们的研究强调了时间相关性在为小型系统中的有效信息到测量转换开发反馈策略方面的作用。