The so-called rational design of vaccines has been a very attractive concept and also an important direction for vaccine research and development. However, the underlying rationales, especially on the immunological aspect, remain less systemically and deeply understood. Given the critical role of lymph nodes (LNs) in the induction of B and T cell responses upon vaccination, LN targeting has been a popular strategy in vaccine design. The LN is a highly organized structure; induction of adaptive immune response is highly orchestrated by various types of LN stromal cells and hematopoietic immune cells both spatially and temporally. Thus, not only LN targeting, but also cellular targeting and even subcellular compartment targeting should be considered for specifically enhanced vaccine efficacy. Moreover, temporal control of vaccine antigen and adjuvant delivery may also optimize the immune response.

所谓疫苗的合理设计，一直是一个很有吸引力的概念，也是疫苗研发的一个重要方向。然而，潜在的基本原理，特别是在免疫学方面，仍然不太系统和深入地理解。鉴于淋巴结 (LN) 在疫苗接种后诱导 B 和 T 细胞反应中的关键作用，LN 靶向已成为疫苗设计中的一种流行策略。LN 是一个高度组织化的结构；适应性免疫反应的诱导在空间和时间上由各种类​​型的 LN 基质细胞和造血免疫细胞高度协调。因此，不仅要考虑 LN 靶向，还应考虑细胞靶向甚至亚细胞区室靶向，以特别提高疫苗功效。而且，