Terminal layout design is an important strategic decision to obtain efficient automated container terminals. Recently, several types of layout design are being implemented to realize side-loading operations, such as U-type and parallel layout design for bilateral-cantilever automated rail-mounted gantry cranes. However, it is lack of a comprehensive comparation with perpendicular layout design for non-cantilever gantry cranes, which allows end-loading operations. Besides, the impact of layout design on terminal performance, such as annual throughput, ship waiting time and operation efficiency of quay cranes, is still not well understood and needs to be estimated in the planning phases of automated terminals. Thus, this study conducts a detailed simulation research on different types of layout design to compare their terminal performance. Novel agent-based simulation models are developed, which incorporate side-loading and end-loading operations under different types of layout design. And simulation-based energy consumption and cost models are developed to evaluate their energy consumption and total cost. Results indicate that U-type automated terminals gain the lowest energy consumption and operation cost, and outperform those with perpendicular layout in terms of operation efficiency and waiting time in most cases. The valuable reference regarding layout design is identified for terminal operators to make strategic decisions.

码头布局设计是获得高效自动化集装箱码头的重要战略决策。近期，多种类型的布局设计正在实施以实现侧装作业，例如双边悬臂自动化轨道门式起重机的U型和平行布局设计。然而，对于允许端部装载作业的非悬臂式龙门起重机的垂直布局设计缺乏全面的比较。此外，布局设计对码头性能的影响，例如年吞吐量、船舶等待时间和码头起重机的操作效率，仍然没有得到很好的理解，需要在自动化码头的规划阶段进行估计。因此，本研究对不同类型的布局设计进行了详细的模拟研究，以比较它们的终端性能。开发了新型的基于代理的仿真模型，它结合了不同类型布局设计下的侧载和端载操作。并开发了基于仿真的能源消耗和成本模型来评估其能源消耗和总成本。结果表明，在大多数情况下，U 型自动化终端的能耗和运营成本最低，并且在运营效率和等待时间方面优于垂直布局的终端。为码头运营商制定战略决策提供了有关布局设计的宝贵参考。并开发了基于仿真的能源消耗和成本模型来评估其能源消耗和总成本。结果表明，在大多数情况下，U 型自动化终端的能耗和运营成本最低，并且在运营效率和等待时间方面优于垂直布局的终端。为码头运营商制定战略决策提供了有关布局设计的宝贵参考。并开发了基于仿真的能源消耗和成本模型来评估其能源消耗和总成本。结果表明，在大多数情况下，U 型自动化终端的能耗和运营成本最低，并且在运营效率和等待时间方面优于垂直布局的终端。为码头运营商制定战略决策提供了有关布局设计的宝贵参考。