Cardiac surgery for CHD was pioneered in Washington, DC by Charles Hufnagel and Edgar Davis working at Georgetown University and Children’s Hospital of the District of Columbia. Children’s Hospital, now Children’s National Hospital, had been established just 5 years after the end of the Civil War. In the 1950s, Davis and Hufnagel undertook many open-heart operations using the technique of surface cooling, hypothermia, and circulatory arrest. Hufnagel and Lewis Scott, who founded the cardiology department at Children’s, were trained in Boston by Gross and Nadas. Judson Randolph, also a trainee of Gross, introduced cardiac surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass and established the General Pediatric Surgery department at Children’s in the 1960s. The transition of hospital staffing from community-based private physicians to full-time hospital employees was often controversial but was complete by the turn of the millennium. The 21st century has seen continuing growth of the new Children’s National Heart Institute and consolidation of several congenital cardiac programmes in Washington, DC.

中文翻译：

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华盛顿特区儿童心脏护理的演变

CHD 心脏手术是由在乔治城大学和哥伦比亚特区儿童医院工作的 Charles Hufnagel 和 Edgar Davis 在华盛顿特区开创的。内战结束后仅 5 年就成立了儿童医院，即现在的国家儿童医院。在 1950 年代，Davis 和 Hufnagel 使用表面冷却、低温和循环停止技术进行了许多心脏直视手术。在儿童医院创立心脏病科的 Hufnagel 和 Lewis Scott 在波士顿接受了 Gross 和 Nadas 的培训。也是 Gross 的实习生的 Judson Randolph 于 1960 年代介绍了使用体外循环的心脏手术，并在儿童医院建立了普通儿科外科。医院人员从以社区为基础的私人医生到全职医院员工的转变经常引起争议，但在世纪之交时已经完成。21英石世纪见证了新的国家儿童心脏研究所的持续发展和华盛顿特区几个先天性心脏项目的巩固。