We discuss common student difficulties with the first and second laws of thermodynamics found using a validated conceptual multiple-choice survey called the survey of thermodynamic processes and first and second laws suitable for introductory physics courses. The analysis of data from more than a thousand students using the validated survey at six different colleges in the US shows that not only introductory but also advanced physics students have many common difficulties with these concepts after traditional lecture-based instruction in relevant concepts. The findings of the common student difficulties with the first and second laws of thermodynamics discussed here can be useful for developing effective curricula and pedagogies in order to reduce student difficulties.

我们使用经过验证的概念多项选择调查发现热力学第一和第二定律的常见困难，称为热力学过程调查以及适用于入门物理课程的第一和第二定律。使用美国六所不同大学的经过验证的调查对来自一千多名学生的数据进行分析表明，在相关概念的传统讲座式教学之后，不仅入门级物理学生而且高级物理学生在这些概念上存在许多共同的困难。此处讨论的热力学第一和第二定律的常见学生困难的发现有助于开发有效的课程和教学法，以减少学生的困难。