In operando Raman and optical studies have been performed on lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries containing carrageenan binder in the sulfur cathode for chemical trapping of the polysulfides (PSs). Three different types of cells were used: coin cells, EL-cell and capillary cells to examine the PS speciation. With the coin cell we confirm the stability and cyclability of the carrageenan based Li–S cells and the improved capacity retention when compared to conventional polyvinylidene fluoride based Li–S cells. With the EL-Cell, the PS speciation at the cathode is documented but only weak evidences of the nucleophilic trapping of the PS are found. The in operando Raman and optical studies on the capillary cell revealed the dissolution and diffusion of the PS in the whole electrolyte volume. We confirm the disproportionation of S₄ ⁻ into S₃ ⁻ in the electrolyte. Strong inhomogeneous PS concentration in the electrolyte are found to develop in the course of the cell charge–discharge cycling which must be detrimental to the performances of the battery.

在操作中，已经对在硫阴极中含有角叉菜胶粘合剂的锂硫 (Li-S) 电池进行了拉曼和光学研究，以化学捕获多硫化物 (PS)。使用三种不同类型的细胞：硬币细胞、EL 细胞和毛细管细胞来检查 PS 形态。使用纽扣电池，我们证实了基于角叉菜胶的 Li-S 电池的稳定性和可循环性，以及与传统的基于聚偏二氟乙烯的 Li-S 电池相比具有更高的容量保持率。对于 EL 电池，阴极的 PS 形态被记录下来，但只发现了 PS 亲核俘获的微弱证据。将在operando对毛细管电池的拉曼和光学研究揭示了 PS 在整个电解质体积中的溶解和扩散。我们确认电解液中 S ₄ ^-歧化为 S ₃ ^-。发现电解液中强烈的不均匀 PS 浓度在电池充放电循环过程中产生，这对电池的性能是有害的。