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A comparison of zwitterionic and anionic mechanisms in the dual-catalytic polymerization of lactide
Polymer Chemistry ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-02 , DOI: 10.1039/d1py00992c
Alexander Balint 1 , Stefan Naumann 1
Affiliation  

Using catalyst pairs consisting of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) and metal-based Lewis acids for the polymerization of lactide, it is possible to precisely control the resulting polymerization mechanism, and NHO placement, with quantitative selectivity. This is possible on account of the stable and isolable ketone-type zwitterionic species resulting from nucleophilic action of the NHO, entailing polyesters which are NHO-capped and cationized on one end. In contrast, setups containing –OH initiators will run along purely “anionic” pathways, where the NHO can potentially interact with the propagating chain end, competing with the Lewis acid. The occurrence of “zwitterionic impurities” can be comprehensively excluded in the latter case, based on detailed MALDI-ToF MS analysis. This allows for meaningfully contrasting the two polymerization mechanisms and determination of their respective impact on parameters such as general performance, kinetics or stereoselectivity. Notably, such assignment is usually not possible since the transient, susceptible nature of zwitterionic species frequently negates their direct observation or detection, aggravating understanding of the rather complex interactions of organobase component, Lewis acid and propagating chain end. It is found that the co-catalytic approach is superior relative to the metal-free polymerization, enabling access to well-defined PLA or high reaction rates. Considering the setup of the catalysts, the metal halide is clearly the dominant factor for general polymerization performance in both mechanisms, specifically its interaction with the propagating species was identified as decisive. Likewise, the metal species determines stereoselectivity: while the application of achiral or chiral NHOs is irrelevant, irrespective of whether those are selectively placed at a chain end (zwitterionic) or not (anionic), very simple metal haildes can in contrast be employed to prepare either fully atactic or highly heterotactic (Pr up to 0.98) PLA at room temperature.

中文翻译:

丙交酯双催化聚合中两性离子和阴离子机理的比较

使用由 N-杂环烯烃 (NHO) 和金属基路易斯酸组成的催化剂对用于丙交酯的聚合,可以精确地控制聚合机理和 NHO 的位置​​,并具有定量选择性。这是可能的,因为 NHO 的亲核作用产生了稳定且可分离的酮型两性离子物质,这需要在一端被 NHO 封端和阳离子化的聚酯。相比之下,包含 -OH 引发剂的设置将沿着纯粹的“阴离子”途径运行,其中 NHO 可能与增长的链端相互作用,与路易斯酸竞争。基于详细的 MALDI-ToF MS 分析,在后一种情况下可以全面排除“两性离子杂质”的出现。这允许有意义地对比两种聚合机制并确定它们各自对参数的影响,例如一般性能、动力学或立体选择性。值得注意的是,这种分配通常是不可能的,因为两性离子物种的瞬态、易感性质经常否定它们的直接观察或检测,加剧了对有机碱组分、路易斯酸和增长链末端之间相当复杂的相互作用的理解。发现共催化方法优于无金属聚合,能够获得明确定义的 PLA 或高反应速率。考虑到催化剂的设置,金属卤化物显然是两种机制中一般聚合性能的主导因素,特别是它与繁殖物种的相互作用被认为是决定性的。同样,金属种类决定立体选择性:虽然非手性或手性 NHO 的应用无关紧要,无论它们是否选择性地放置在链端(两性离子)或不(阴离子),相反,可以使用非常简单的金属卤化物来制备完全无规或高度异规(P r高达 0.98) PLA 在室温下。
更新日期:2021-09-07
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