The Internet of Things (IoT) has important applications in our daily lives, including health and fitness tracking, environmental monitoring, and transportation. However, sensor nodes in IoT suffer from the limited lifetime of batteries resulting from their finite energy availability. A promising solution is to harvest energy from environmental sources, such as solar, kinetic, thermal, and radio-frequency (RF) waves, for perpetual and continuous operation of IoT sensor nodes. In addition to energy generation, recently energy harvesters have been used for context detection, eliminating the need for conventional activity sensors (e.g., accelerometers), saving space, cost, and energy consumption. Using energy harvesters for simultaneous sensing and energy harvesting enables energy positive sensing-an important and emerging class of sensors, which harvest more energy than required for context detection and the additional energy can be used to power other components of the system. Although simultaneous sensing and energy harvesting is an important step forward toward autonomous self-powered sensor nodes, the energy and information availability can be still intermittent, unpredictable, and temporally misaligned with various computational tasks on the sensor node. This article provides a comprehensive survey on task scheduling algorithms for the emerging class of energy harvesting-based sensors (i.e., energy positive sensors) to achieve the sustainable operation of IoT. We discuss inherent differences between conventional sensing and energy positive sensing and provide an extensive critical analysis for devising revised task scheduling algorithms incorporating this new class of sensors. Finally, we outline future research directions toward the implementation of autonomous and self-powered IoT.

中文翻译：

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基于能量收集的物联网的任务调度：调查和批判性分析


物联网 (IoT) 在我们的日常生活中有着重要的应用，包括健康和健身追踪、环境监测和交通。然而，物联网中的传感器节点由于其可用能源有限而受到电池寿命有限的影响。一个有前途的解决方案是从环境来源（例如太阳能、动能、热能和射频（RF）波）中收集能量，以使物联网传感器节点永久持续运行。除了能量生成之外，最近能量采集器还被用于环境检测，消除了对传统活动传感器（例如加速度计）的需求，从而节省了空间、成本和能耗。使用能量采集器进行同步感测和能量采集可实现能量正感测，这是一类重要且新兴的传感器，其采集的能量多于环境检测所需的能量，并且额外的能量可用于为系统的其他组件供电。尽管同时传感和能量收集是迈向自主自供电传感器节点的重要一步，但能量和信息可用性仍然可能是间歇性的、不可预测的，并且与传感器节点上的各种计算任务暂时不一致。本文对新兴的基于能量收集的传感器（即能量正传感器）的任务调度算法进行了全面的调查，以实现物联网的可持续运行。我们讨论了传统传感和能量正传感之间的固有差异，并为设计结合此类新型传感器的修订任务调度算法提供了广泛的批判性分析。 最后，我们概述了实现自主和自供电物联网的未来研究方向。