As our ancestors migrated throughout different continents, natural selection increased the presence of alleles advantageous in the new environments. Heritable variations that alter the susceptibility to diseases vary with the historical period, the virulence of the infections, and their geographical spread. In this study we built polygenic scores for heritable traits that influence the genetic adaptation in the production of cytokines and immune-mediated disorders, including infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, and applied them to the genomes of several ancient European populations. We observed that the advent of the Neolithic was a turning point for immune-mediated traits in Europeans, favoring those alleles linked with the development of tolerance against intracellular pathogens and promoting inflammatory responses against extracellular microbes. These evolutionary patterns are also associated with an increased presence of traits related to inflammatory and auto-immune diseases.

中文翻译：

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古代和现代欧洲人群细胞因子产生能力的演变

当我们的祖先迁移到不同的大陆时，自然选择增加了在新环境中有利的等位基因的存在。改变疾病易感性的遗传变异随历史时期、感染的毒力及其地理传播而变化。在这项研究中，我们为影响细胞因子和免疫介导疾病（包括传染病、炎症和自身免疫性疾病）产生的遗传适应的遗传性状建立了多基因评分，并将其应用于几个古代欧洲人群的基因组。我们观察到，新石器时代的出现是欧洲人免疫介导特征的转折点，有利于那些与细胞内病原体耐受性发展相关的等位基因，并促进针对细胞外微生物的炎症反应。这些进化模式还与炎症和自身免疫性疾病相关特征的增加有关。